Ovarian Sex Cord Stromal Tumors: - Departments of Pathology and ...

Ovarian Sex Cord Stromal Tumors: 

Uncommon Tumors That May Mimic A Variety of More Common Tumors 

An Overview of Helpful Morphology and Immunomarkers 

Joseph Rabban MD MPH 

Associate Professor 

UCSF Pathology Department 

joseph.rabban@ucsf.edu 

June 2010 

Introduction: Sex cord-stromal tumors are uncommon ovarian neoplasms, accounting for 5% to 

12% of ovarian tumors, yet many of these tumors may mimic a range of more common epithelial 

and germ cell tumors, both benign and malignant. Two growth patterns in ovarian tumors that 

are problematic in terms of overlap between sex cord-stromal, epithelial and germ cell tumors are 

1.) tubuloglandular growth and 2.) sex cord-like growth. A third but much less common pattern is 

that of single infiltrative clusters or cells with signet ring features or vacuoles. This lecture will 

focus on differential diagnosis of these three growth patterns, with emphasis on granulosa cell 

tumors. 

Outline of Lecture: 

‣ Immunohistochemistry of Sex Cord-Stromal Ovarian Tumors 

‣ Pattern 1: Tubuloglandular: 

Granulosa Cell Tumor 

Sertoli Cell Tumor / Sertoli Leydig Cell Tumor 

Sex Cord Tumor with Annular Tubules 

Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma 

Carcinoid Tumor 

Struma Ovarii 

Strumal Carcinoid Tumor 

Yolk Sac Tumor, glandular variant 

‣ Pattern 2: Sex cord-like: 

Granulosa cell Tumor 

Fibroma with sex cord elements 

Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma (sex cord variant) 

Adenofibroma/Adenosarcoma with sex cord-like elements 

‣ Pattern 3: Single infiltrating cells/clusters +/- signet ring/mucin/vacuoles 

Sclerosing Stromal Tumor 

Metastatic Gastric / Breast Cancer 

Mucinous Carcinoid (primary or metastatic) 

Clinical Context, Gross Findings and Differential Diagnosis: 

Patient age, clinical setting and gross findings are useful since many patients with ovarian sex 

cord stromal tumors are young, have hormonal alterations (estrogenic or androgenic 

manifestations, elevated serum markers (e.g. AFP) or syndromic associations (e.g. Peutz 

Jeghers syndrome); the tumors are often unilateral, yellow/orange, and multicystic. In contrast, 

many of the mimics, particularly adenocarcinoma, would be unusual in a young patient and would 

not likely present with such clinical or gross features. Thus, discordance between the clinical 

context and the pathologic impression should prompt for further confirmation of the pathologic 

diagnosis. Generally, we prefer to confirm the morphologic diagnosis of granulosa cell tumor, 

Sertoli cell tumor or Sertoli Leydig cell tumor with immunohistochemistry given the potential for 

overlap with so many other tumor types.

Immunohistochemistry 

Inhibin and calretinin are the traditional markers of ovarian sex cord-stromal differentiation. 

Expression tends to be stronger and more diffuse in granulosa cell tumors, Sertoli and Sertoli- 

Leydig cell tumors than in fibroma or thecoma. Ovarian steroid cell tumors will also mark with 

inhibin and calretinin, as will ovarian hilus cells and cells of stromal hyperthecosis. Nuclear 

expression of WT1 and membrane expression of CD99 also characterize many sex cord-stromal 

tumors, but in our practice, we don’t use these markers since they are not as reliable as others in 

our laboratory. ER and PR may be expressed in many granulosa cell tumors. When trying to 

distinguish sex cord-stromal tumors from epithelial tumors, care must be exercised in selection of 

epithelial markers: pan-keratin may mark granulosa cell tumors and Sertoli cell tumors to variable 

degrees and this may cause confusion with adenocarcinoma. EMA (epithelial membrane 

antigen) is a better choice since it is negative in sex cord-stromal tumors. Conversely, some 

endometrioid adenocarcinomas may express inhibin, calretinin or WT-1, albeit in a weak, patchy 

pattern. 

Steroidenic factor 1 (SF 1) is a recently studied nuclear protein that appears to be a useful marker 

of ovarian sex cord differentiation. It marks lesions of sex cord-stromal differentiation in a nuclear 

pattern and is negative in epithelial tumors. 56, 57 SF 1, also known as Adrenal Binding Protein 1, 

is found in many of the same tissues that mark with inhibin. SF 1 is a transcription factor 

regulating steroidogenesis of the adrenal and pituitary glands. Immunoexpression is observed in 

adrenal cortical tumors and pituitary adenoma. It is also thought that SF 1 is involved in gonadal 

development. In the testis, SF 1 marks Sertoli cells and Leydig cells. Recently it was 

demonstrated that SF 1 marks ovarian sex cord tumors (granulosa cell tumor, Sertoli cell tumor, 

Sertoli Leydig cell tumor, and fibroma/thecoma) but not endometrioid adenocarcinoma or 

56, 57 

carcinoid tumor. The nuclear expression pattern makes it a preferred marker. 

Recommended panel: 

To confirm a diagnosis of granulosa cell tumor, we prefer the quartet of SF-1, inhibin, calretinin 

and EMA and we avoid cytokeratin stains. The following table lists the results expected in most 

tumors, keeping in mind that exceptions do occur. 

Marker Granulosa Cell Sertoli Cell Endometrioid Carcinoid Struma 

Tumor Tumor Adenocarcinoma Tumor Ovarii 

SF-1 Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative 

Calretinin Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative 

Inhibin Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative 

WT-1 Positive Positive Rarely Negative Negative 

EMA Negative Negative Positive Rarely Positive 

Keratin Variable Positive Positive Positive Positive 

Chromogranin Negative Negative Negative Positive Negative 

TTF-1 Negative Negative Negative Negative Positive

Differential Diagnosis by Patterns 

PATTERN 1: TUBULOGLANDULAR GROWTH: 

Granulosa Cell Tumor versus Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma 

The microfollicular and solid pattern of granulosa cell tumor may resemble endometrioid 

adenocarcinoma. Morphologic features favoring granulosa cell tumor include nuclear grooves, 

Call-Exner bodies, a mixture of growth patterns including trabecular growth, and an absence of 

squamous differentiation. 

Potential Pitfall: Nuclear grooves are not pathognomonic of granulosa cell tumor. 

Nuclear grooves may be seen endometrioid adenocarcinoma. 

Endometrioid adenocarcinoma is favored by the presence of endometrioid appearing cells and 

squamous differentiation. In questionable cases, immunostains may be helpful (positive EMA, 

negative SF-1, calretinin, inhibin). 

Granulosa Cell Tumor versus Sertoli Cell Tumor 

Microfollicular growth in granulosa cell tumor may resemble the hollow packed tubules of Sertoli 

cell tumor, however the latter usually does not exhibit the mixed array of other growth patterns 

seen in granulosa cell tumor. In difficult cases, cytokeratin expression can be used to confirm a 

diagnosis of Sertoli cell tumor. 

Granulosa Cell Tumor versus Carcinoid Tumor 

Microfollicular and trabecular growth can be seen in both these tumors but the typical cytologic 

features of granulosa cell tumor (nuclear grooves, Call-Exner bodies) will not be seen in carcinoid 

tumor. Teratomatous elements favor a diagnosis of carcinoid tumor, as does the presence of 

nuclei with neuroendocrine type chromatin texture (stippled or so-called salt and pepper texture). 

Neuroendocrine markers such as chromogranin and synaptophysin can be useful to identifiy 

carcinoid tumor. 

Granulosa Cell Tumor versus Struma Ovarii 

Microfollicular growth of granulosa cell tumor may sometimes resemble the follicles of struma 

ovarii but otherwise, each entity should show other morphology that clearly leads to the correct 

diagnosis. Struma ovarii may be accompanied by other teratomatous elements, something not 

expected in granulosa cell tumor. Generally the mixture of other growth patterns in the latter is 

not seen in struma ovarii. The nuclear shape may also helpful. Struma ovarii usually exhibits a 

uniform, monotonous round/oval nuclear shape without nuclear contour irregularities whereas 

most granulosa cell tumors show more nuclear atypia, folds, and grooves. 

Granulosa Cell Tumor versus glandular variant Yolk Sac Tumor 

Microfollicular and trabecular growth of granulosa cell tumor can resemble the glandular variant of 

yolk sac tumor but, again, there are usually other morphologic findings that allow for a 

straightforward diagnosis. Yolk sac tumor often shows a mixture of growth patterns (i.e. reticular, 

papillary, solid, microcystic) and may be mixed with other germ cell tumor components that are 

not expected in granulosa cell tumor. Immunostaining for SALL-4, Glypican 3, AFP 

PATTERN 2: SEX CORD LIKE GROWTH 

Fibroma with sex cord elements versus Granulosa Cell Tumor 

Some fibromas may contain foci of sex cord elements. Typically these are microscopic foci and 

only a few foci are present; this does not alter the behavior.

Conversely, some granulosa cell tumors may show a fascicular, spindled growth pattern that 

resembles thecoma or cellular fibroma. Though it is unusual for such a tumor to lack other 

distinctive patterns of granulosa cell tumor growth (such as microfollicular or trabecular), rare 

cases may be difficult to resolve based on morphology alone. Immunohistochemistry is not of 

great value since calretinin, inhibin, WT-1, and SF 1 can be seen in both tumor groups. Reticulin 

staining, however, is useful. In granulosa cell tumor, the reticulin fibers will highlight bundles, 

fascicles and nests of tumor cells but the fibers will not surround individual cells. In contrast, the 

reticulin fibers will surround individual spindle cells. 

Adenofibroma/Adenosarcoma with sex cord elements versus Granulosa Cell Tumor 

Similar to fibroma with sex cord elements, both adenofibroma and adenosarcoma may contain 

these elements, typically in a microscopic amount. There usually is sufficient morphology present 

to easily make the diagnosis of adenofibroma or adenosarcoma and these tumors are not 

typically confused with granulosa cell tumor. Behavior is not affected by sex cord elements. 

Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma, Corded and Hyalinized Variant, versus Granulosa Cell 

Tumor 

A rare variant of endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the ovary or uterus may contain a sex cord-like 

or sertoliform growth pattern that resembles granulosa cell tumor. 34 The unusual growth zones 

may be embedded in hyalinized stroma, thus giving the name “corded and hyalinized 

endometrioid adenocarcinoma”. Such tumors generally exhibit clear cut areas of typical 

endometrioid adenocarcinoma that allow for the correct diagnosis. However, we have 

encountered some cases that lack such areas and truly resemble granulosa cell tumor. 

Identification of squamous differentiation is a key clue to correctly diagnosis adenocarcinoma. 

Immunostaining can be helpful in difficult cases. 

PATTERN 3: INFILTRATING CLUSTERS/CELLS with SIGNET RING/MUCIN/VACUOLES 

Sclerosing stromal tumor versus metastatic carcinoma 

Lobular breast cancer and metastatic gastric carcinoma involving the ovary may grow as single 

infiltrating polygonal tumor cells embedded within fibrotic stroma, resembling a sclerosing stromal 

tumor. Such metastases generally lack the distinctive blood vessels and the pseudolobular growth 

pattern of sclerosing stromal tumor. In addition, clinical history of a primary gastrointestinal or breast 

cancer should be informative in the differential diagnosis. Because sclerosing stromal tumor affects 

young women, the likelihood of a metastatic cancer to the ovaries is comparatively low. EMA 

immunostaining should highlight metastatic carcinoma cells and confirm that diagnosis. 

Sclerosing stromal tumor versus mucinous carcinoid tumor 

A rare variant of carcinoid tumor is the mucinous carcinoid tumor, which may be primary to the ovary 

or metastatic. A range of growth patterns can be seen. Infiltrative dispersed clusters or single tumor 

cells with a mucin droplet or signet ring appearance may raise consideration of either sclerosing 

stromal tumor or metastatic mucinous/signet ring adenocarcinoma. Generally, however, there will be 

clear cut areas of carcinoid morphology in the tumor. Distinguishing primary versus metastatic origin 

of mucinous carcinoid is important; appendiceal origin or other intestinal origin should be considered. 

CK7 and CK20 may be helpful for that purpose. Keratin or EMA positivity will separate carcinoid 

from sclerosing stromal tumor, as will calretinin and inhibin.

SUMMARY OF TUMOR TYPES 

Granulosa Cell Tumor 

Granulosa cell tumors range from small incidentally discovered nodules only a few millimeter in 

diameter to large tumors more than 30 cm in diameter. Some are totally solid, but most are partly 

cystic. The solid portions are pink, tan, brown, or light yellow and vary from soft to firm in 

consistency. Rare granulosa cell tumors grow as large cysts with a wall only a few mm thick. 

27, 36 

These are supposedly more likely than other granulosa cell tumors to be androgenic. 

Microscopically, the tumor cells resemble normal granulosa cells. They are small and round, 

cuboidal, or fusiform with pale cytoplasm and ill-defined cell borders. The nuclei are round or 

oval with fine chromatin and a single small nucleolus. Longitudinal folds or grooves are present 

in many nuclei and are a characteristic feature of the adult type of granulosa cell tumor. Mitotic 

figures are usually infrequent and pleomorphic or atypical nuclei are uncommon. Rare granulosa 

cell tumors contain foci of cells with bizarre nuclei, but this does not appear to imply an adverse 

13, 51 

prognosis. Extensive tumor cell luteinization is seen in about 1% of adult granulosa cell 

tumors. Luteinized granulosa cells have abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, well-defined cell 

borders, and central nuclei, and resemble the luteinized granulosa cells of the corpus luteum. 

Some luteinized granulosa cell tumors occur in pregnant women, 47 but they are also seen in 

patients with androgenic granulosa cell tumors, 35 and as idiopathic findings. 48 

A diverse range of growth patterns are exhibited by adult granulosa cell tumors, often mixed 

together. The patterns do not have any prognostic significance, but because they may mimic 

other tumor types, awareness of them is critical. The microfollicular pattern is the most typical 

one and consists of nests and sheets of granulosa cells that contain small spaces filled with 

eosinophilic secretions and cellular debris. The spaces resemble the Call-Exner bodies of 

developing follicles. In the macrofollicular pattern, large, often irregularly shaped follicles are 

lined by stratified granulosa cells. Granulosa cells grow in anastomosing bands, ribbons, and 

cords in the trabecular pattern; and in irregular undulating ribbons in the gyriform or watered-silk 

pattern. Nests and islands of tumor cells are surrounded by fibrous stroma in the insular pattern. 

The cells grow in large irregular sheets with no organized substructure in the solid or diffuse 

pattern. Many granulosa cell tumors contain large cysts lined by granulosa cells. The cysts may 

contain blood and hemosiderin-laden macrophages are often present in the walls. Rare cystic 

granulosa cell tumors grow as large unilocular cysts lined by stratified granulosa cells among 

which are microfollicles or areas of trabecular growth. 

Granulosa cell tumors have a variable amount of fibrous or thecomatous stroma. Tumors with a 

prominent fibrothecomatous stroma have been called granulosa-theca cell tumors but when 

granulosa cells comprise > 5-10% of the a tumor it can be classified as a granulosa cell tumor. 

Tumors with only a minor granulosa cell component are best classified as a thecoma or fibroma 

with minor sex cord elements ( 15 cm, bilateral tumors, rupture, and spread beyond the ovary (FIGO stage > IA). 

Diffuse moderate or marked nuclear atypia or a high mitotic rate (variably defined as greater than 

24, 28, 

2 or 4 mitotic figures per 10 high power fields) appears to predict a higher risk of recurrence. 30 The stage is the single most powerful predictor of prognosis. There is no correlation between 

the microscopic pattern and the clinical outcome. More than 80% of granulosa cell tumors are 

DNA diploid. Some authors have found ploidy or s-phase fraction to provide significant 

prognostic information, 21, 25, 38 10, 20, 44 

but others have not.

Fibroma / Thecoma 

Ovarian fibroma is a benign stromal tumor in which spindle shaped stromal cells grow in abundant 

collagenous stroma. Immunohistochemistry is rarely performed on fibromas because their 

appearance on H&E stained slides is usually distinctive. Fibromas and related tumors such as 

cellular fibromas and fibrosarcomas stain only infrequently for inhibin but most are calretinin 

positive. 8, 26, 33 They show patchy and weak to moderate staining for WT-1. 17 SF-1 is positive, 

though may have variable intensity/distribution. 

Thecoma is a benign spindle cell stromal tumor that differs from fibroma in that it is often hormonally 

active, usually secreting estrogen. There are morphologic differences as well, as the tumor cells in a 

thecoma tend to be plump, with clear or vacuolated cytoplasm, and there is less collagen in the 

background stroma than is present in a fibroma. Thecoma is usually positive for both inhibin and 

5, 7, 19, 26, 33 

calretinin. Strong positive staining for inhibin favors classifying a stromal tumor as a 

thecoma rather than as a fibroma. Stains for myoid markers, such as smooth muscle actin, are often 

18, 45 

positive as well. 

The diagnosis of fibroma and thecoma is generally straightforward, however, in addition to distinction 

from granulosa cell tumor, there is one problem that may occasionally present difficulty: presence of 

mitoses and/or presence of cellularity. The differential diagnosis that is raised is fibrosarcoma, an 

exceedingly rare tumor in the ovary. 

Mitotically active cellular fibroma 

A recent outcome study suggests that mitotic activity in cellular fibroma (that lacks nuclear atypia) is 

not associated with recurrence or spread. The study had an average follow up period of 4.7 years. 

Isolated case reports of similar tumors that did spread do exist, therefore the authors recommend 

that mitotically active cellular fibromas be considered low malignant potential tumors and that careful 

surveillance should be offered. 22 Ovarian fibrosarcoma should be reserved for the rare case in which 

hypercellularity and unequivocal nuclear atypia are present. 

Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor 

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors (SLCT) are tumors of young women and girls and are notable for virilizing 

effects. 46 They may be of well, intermediate, or poor differentiation and any of these may be 

accompanied by heterologous elements or by retiform growth. In well differentiated variants Sertoli 

cells line well formed tubules that grow in a fibrous stroma that contains clusters of polygonal Leydig 

53, 55 

cells. Immature stromal and Sertoli cells are not present. The more common intermediate and 

poorly differentiated Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors contain variably mature Sertoli cells growing in 

31, 50, 54, 55 

trabeculae or nests or lining round or retiform tubules. The stroma is cellular and immature, 

and Leydig cells, present either singly or in clusters, are present in most tumors. Most patients 

present with tumors confined to the ovary and have a favorable prognosis. 

SLCT versus sertoliform variant of endometrioid adenocarcinoma 

Rare ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinomas may exhibit areas of growth that mimic Sertoli cell 

proliferation. Because pan-keratin can be expressed in the Sertoli cells of SLCT, it is important to 

use EMA in this particular differential diagnosis since Sertoli cells will be negative while 

6, 15, 16, 29 

adenocarcinoma will be positive. Because some SLCT will express estrogen and/or 

progesterone receptors, these markers are less helpful in this setting. 11 

Heterologous elements in SLCT 

Two types of heterologous elements can create diagnostic problems. These are present in about 

20% of cases, mostly consisting of gastrointestinal type epithelium. ; 49 If prominent, this component 

14, 32 

can be confused for a mucinous tumor. Less commonly, hepatoid differentiation can be found. 

These cells can secrete alpha fetoprotein and this may lead to elevated serum AFP. Awareness of 

this can prevent confusion with yolk sac tumor, which also results in elevated serum AFP.

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