Chironomus newsletter on Chironomidae research 22

CHIRONOMUS Newsletter 

on Chironomidae Research 

No. 22 ISSN 0172-1941 October 2009 

Yin and yang? <strong>Chironomus</strong> dilutus gynandromorph. Photo: Quentin Lang, Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne 

CONTENTS 

Editorial: XVII International Symposium on Chironomidae, July 5-10, 2009, Tianjin, China.............................................3 

Trends and development in chironomid palaeoecology: Summary from the 9th workshop on subfossil Chironomidae.......5 

Memories from the XVIIth chironomid symposium in Tianjin, China..................................................................................8 

Chironomid research in northern Patagonia...........................................................................................................................9 

Development of a new design of an insectary model for rearing and environmental assessment studies on Chironomid 

midges..................................................................................................................................................................................11 

Current Research...............................................................................................................................................................14 

Martin, J. & Saxena, S.: Synonymy of <strong>Chironomus</strong> plumatisetigerus Tokunaga, 1964, with <strong>Chironomus</strong> circumdatus 

Kieffer, 1916........................................................................................................................................................................14 

Paggi, A.C., Siri, A. & de Oliveira, C.S.N.: A brief analysis of morphology and terminology for the genus Ablabesmyia..15 

Agius, J.T., Gibson, J.A.E, Rico, E. & Quesada, A.: Paleolimnological evidence confirms that Parochlus steinenii (Gerke) 

is not a recent introduction to the Antarctic Peninsula Region.............................................................................................18 

Short communications.......................................................................................................................................................22 

Current bibliography........................................................................................................................................................27

CHIRONOMUS Newsletter on Chironomidae Research 

Editors 

Torbjørn EKREM, Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of 

Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway 

Peter H. LANGTON, 5 Kylebeg Avenue, Mountsandel, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, Northern 

Ireland, BT52 1 JN, Northern Ireland 

Current Bibliography 

Odwin HOFFRICHTER, Institut für Biologie I, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 

Hauptstrasse 1, D-79104, Germany 

Treasurer 

Trond ANDERSEN, Natural History Collections, Bergen Museum, University of Bergen, 

Muséplass 3, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway 

CHIRONOMUS Newsletter on Chironomidae Research (ISSN 0172-1941) is published yearly 

in October. Submission deadline for contributions is July 1. 

Contributions to CHIRONOMUS Newsletter on Chironomidae Research should be submitted 

per e-mail to: Torbjørn Ekrem: Torbjorn.Ekrem@vm.ntnu.no or Peter H. Langton: 

PHLangton@kylebegave.fsnet.co.uk. Please use the following formatting: Text in 12 point 

Times New Roman, first page must include title, name, address and email address of all 

authors. Headings should be bold faced. Cite relevant references in parentheses without 

comma between name and year [ex. (Langton 1991)]. List all references alphabetically in the 

format of the Current Bibliography at the end of the manuscript. Tables can be included 

directly in the text. Text should preferably be submitted as MS Word or rtf files. All figures 

should be supplied separately as tiff or jpg files. 

Would you like to see your picture on the front page? Please send us your favourite midge 

photograph or drawing (Torbjorn.Ekrem@vm.ntnu.no). 

2

Editorial 

XVII International Symposium on Chironomidae, July 5-10, 2009, Tianjin, China 

It must be the dream of many people in the world to visit China and for us this dream 

came true: China is awesome and the XVIIth International Symposium on 

Chironomidae was a real joy to attend. Our hosts, Xinhua Wang, Wei Liu and their 

student helpers turned themselves upside down to make us at our ease and have the 

program run smoothly. Nothing seemed too much for them: they were the perfect hosts. 

The Symposium began on the Sunday evening with a social gathering that brought 

together long standing researchers and students in the Chironomidae in a relaxed and 

convivial environment. A very enjoyable event with 60+ delegates from every 

biogeographical region except the poles - a lot to catch up on and new contacts to make. 

It was unfortunate that the distances involved and the recession meant that some 

previous symposium participants were unable to attend, but this venue opened up the 

conference to far eastern colleagues, so fulfilling one of the Symposia’s roles of 

gathering together, in dialogue, chironomid researchers from across the world. 

The scientific programme started at 9.00 the following morning in a spacious new 

lecture theatre in the new Building of the College of Life Sciences with a short 

inauguration ceremony, followed by the Thienemann Honorary Lecture, an excellent 

and polished delivery by Jon Martin entitled “From bands to base pairs: Problems in the 

identification of <strong>Chironomus</strong> species, using the example of <strong>Chironomus</strong> oppositus 

Walker.” Then the series of oral communications commenced, 29 papers authored and 

co-authored by about 60 researchers. Papers covered morphology, molecular phylogeny, 

karyology, systematics, ecology and biogeography; equally diverse were the ages of 

those giving the talks: from 16 to 70+! An outstanding array of posters embellished the 

walls of the large airy foyer to the lecture theatre, where delegates browsed and 

discussed the submissions at break times while consuming many lychees! The program 

and abstracts can be viewed on the symposium website: 

http://entomology.nankai.edu.cn/17chiro. For one (Peter) who has been studying these 

insects for half a century, there was much to marvel at and a question to ponder: will the 

use of DNA sequences to clarify relationships and delineate species reduce the 

opportunities for biologists without such facilities/techniques to contribute to progress 

in the Chironomidae? 

The Symposium banquet was held in an astonishing restaurant: a massive greenhouse 

containing a tropical jungle of mature trees and palms under which the tables were 

distributed. In the centre of each circular table was a turntable, to which were added 

time and time again new dishes to try: a really exotic gustatory experience in an equally 

exotic environment. Through this ‘jungle’ flows a stream populated by large Koi Carp 

and a lagoon that contains seals which add a touch of the incredulous to the already 

fantastic venue. 

On the Wednesday we were taken on a river boat cruise of the Hai He river that runs 

through Tianjin. Although the skim net was in the water for the duration, no exuviae 

were obtained, presumably due to the mid summer pause in emergence. This was a great 

way to see outstanding examples of the architecture of modern Tianjin and of the many 

3

different highly ornate bridges under which we passed. We visited an exceedingly 

modern museum with exceptional ambience containing artefacts from distant history to 

the modern day; the early artefacts were especially fascinating as China has such a long 

cultural history. 

The Symposium concluded with a forum session on Thursday afternoon: the next 

symposium in two years’ time will be in Trondheim, courtesy of Torbjørn Ekrem and 

Elisabeth Stur. Their presentation gave the delegates a taste of the area – so different 

from that of the present venue! – and their proposed arrangements. 

The post symposium tour took place on the Friday. A coach took us to experience the 

Great Wall, with views of the wall receding into the distance perched on the ridges of 

successive hills. It is indeed a marvel of human endeavour and we felt privileged to be 

walking a portion of it. After that we were transported into Beijing and were guided 

through the Forbidden City in reverse – a concession to parking the coach! The 

succession of halls and courtyards were awe inspiring and a real insight into China 

history. 

Amongst our souvenirs we always have some entomological trophies: this time we have 

two large cicadas (the song of cicadas filled the air wherever we went all day – a similar 

sound took over at night generated by presumed bushcrickets), some cicada exuviae, 

two large prettily coloured homopteran bugs and one chironomid pupal exuviae 

collected in a lotus filled canal at the university: Glyptotendipes paripes!! 

Xinhua Wang, Wei Liu and their helpers are to be congratulated on a most impressive 

and very well organised symposium and providing great memories through food and 

visits. On behalf of all participants we propose a big THANKYOU! 

Peter Langton and Sue McBean, 5 Kylebeg Avenue, Mountsandel, Coleraine, Co Londonderry, 

BT52 1 JN, Northern Ireland. E-mail: PHLangton@kylebegave.fsnet.co.uk. 

4

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT IN CHIRONOMID PALAEOECOLOGY: SUMMARY FROM THE 

9 TH WORKSHOP ON SUBFOSSIL CHIRONOMIDAE 

Klaus Peter Brodersen 1 , Gaute Velle 2 & Nina S. Reuss 1 

1 Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. 

kpbrodersen@bio.ku.dk, nreuss@bio.ku.dk 

2 Bergen Museum, University of Bergen, Norway. nzlgv@uib.no 

The 9th workshop on Subfossil Chironomidae 

was held at the Biological Institute, University of 

Copenhagen on May 4–6, 2009. There were 27 

palaeo-chironomid researchers present, representting 

14 different nationalities (Fig. 1, group 

photo). The purpose with these workshops is to 

exchange ideas and to have critical and fruitful 

discussions about topics ranging from larval 

identification to ecological interpretation – 

whether people are working with subfossil or 

contemporary data. Problems and progresses in 

chironomid palaeoecology are discussed among 

people with their fingers deep in the mud, and the 

informal presentations give a fine overview of 

current state-of-the-art research and development. 

The workshop was organised into six sessions 

with oral presentations, one session of general 

discussion and a one-day field excursion. The 

field excursion on the first day took us around to 

the North Zealand birch forest in full leaf. We had 

a short lunch break at the Freshwater Biological 

Laboratory belonging to the University of 

Copenhagen in the town of Hillerød. At the shore 

of Lake Esrum, the laboratory’s Grand-Old-Man, 

Figure 1. Participants at the workshop. Photo: Katrine Kongshavn. 

5 

Pétur Jónasson (born 1920) (Fig. 2), gave a fine 

summary of his illustrious work on life-cycles, 

respiration, secondary production and benthicpelagic 

coupling of <strong>Chironomus</strong> anthracinus in 

Lake Esrum (Jónasson 1972). 

With three sessions under the climate topic, it is 

evident that chironomid-inferred temperature 

reconstruction is still a central issue. Subfossil 

chironomids are still used as the primary 

quantitative climate indicator in multi-proxy 

studies of e.g., Early Weichselian, as presented by 

Stefan Engels, and Late Glacial sediments, as 

presented by Mateusz Plociennik. New 

quantitative temperature models are being 

developed and improved. Results of two merged 

European data sets were presented by Steve 

Brooks, a Finnish data set was shown by Tomi 

Luoto, and two independent data sets from 

Northern Russia are being developed and were 

presented by Larisa Nazarova and Angela Self. 

Along with these studies, preliminary stratigraphies 

and taxonomic problems were addressed 

by Verana de Hoog. A novel idea from Angela 

Self was to incorporate “continentality” into

the quantitative models. Down-core continentality 

reconstructions from the Putoran Plateau suggest 

a lengthening of the growing season despite 

relatively constant temperature over the 1950s– 

2000. 

Figure 2. Professor Pétur M. Jónasson speaking 

about <strong>Chironomus</strong> population dynamics at the 

shore of Lake Esrum. Photo: Katrine Kongshavn. 

Analyses of recent climate change over the last 

few hundred years were presented from the far 

north in Spitsbergen (Katrine Kongshavn) to the 

south in Patagonia (Peter Langdon). Comparisons 

to instrumental and independent records (e.g., 

known past fluctuations in glacier extent), are 

used in order to assess the potential for 

reconstructing accurately climate change over 

longer (millennial scale) time periods (Peter 

Langdon). High-resolution analyses from 

annually varved sediments are likewise used 

along with instrumental records in evaluation of 

model performance in Switzerland (Isabelle 

Larocque). 

Studies of past environmental change in the 

Bolivian Andes were presented by Joseph J. 

Williams. In this project they are tracing the 

natural history of an endangered woodland 

ecosystem in order to evaluate if the patchy 

distribution of Polylepis observed today is a relict 

of past more widespread dominance and if the 

current distribution is human and/or climate 

driven. The chironomids are used as independent 

climate proxies. 

Human induced environmental impacts, aside 

from climate change, were in focus of many 

studies. Enrichment (eutrophication) effects of 

human settlement were discussed from Northern 

Ireland by Naomi Holmes. Models across Europe 

have suggested that events such as the adoption of 

agriculture in Europe are climatically driven and 

hints of this relationship are present in existing 

North Mayo data. The environmentally sensitive 

nature of the area means that North Mayo is an 

ideal case study for the relationships between 

climate change and changes in human settlement. 

6 

From Africa, Bob Rumes demonstrated a clear 

evidence for anthropogenic presence and 

influence on the landscape in Western Uganda 

dating back 2000 years. Although there were 

pronounced natural climate variations in the area, 

the effect of these is not always clear and, at 

times, difficult to distinguish from anthropogenic 

changes. Complex ecological responses to 

eutrophication and recent climate in Denmark 

were analysed against environmental monitoring 

data using fine interval sampling (Wing Wai 

Sung). Recent human impact on lake food webs 

by e.g., introduction of fish is also a new field in 

chironomid palaeolimnology. Such studies are 

carried out in subalpine lakes in France (Virgile 

Baudrot), in south Swedish lakes (Kimmo 

Tolonen) and in crater lakes at the Azores (Klaus 

P. Brodersen). The role of natural changes, such 

as succession in primary producers, food 

resources, oxygen conditions, intra- and interspecific 

competition and changes in benthic 

communities is studied by Nina Reuss. She is 

studying stable isotope signatures on the most 

common chironomid taxa from West Greenland 

as well as on their potential food resources. 

Successful results will allow down-core inference 

of changed food-web structures and lake 

dynamics. 

Examination of fossil midge assemblages from 

surface sediments of small shallow lakes in 

Finland took us back to basics in interpretation of 

chironomid palaeolimnology. Tomi Luoto 

presented multi- and intra-lake studies to 

emphasize that the controlling environmental 

factors are scale dependent from temperature over 

lake depth to hypolimnetic oxygen conditions. 

Intra-lake dataset from eastern Finland showed 

that the most important environmental factors 

controlling midge distribution within a lake basin 

were river contribution, water depth and 

submerged vegetation patterns. It also appeared 

that the fossil midge assemblages represented 

fauna that lived in close proximity to the 

sampling sites thus enabling investigation of 

intra-lake gradients in midge assemblages. 

Novel studies on the potential of using subfossil 

chironomids as indicators of palaeoflow regimes 

were discussed by Lynda Howard. Chironomidae, 

identified to species level where possible, could 

be classified into groups of “Lotic invertebrate 

Index for Flow Evaluation”. This information was 

used to reconstruct the palaeoflow regime of a 

river and associated changes to in-stream habitats. 

Improvement of subfossil taxonomy and 

identification has always been a central subject in 

these workshops. Boris Ilyashuk presented

current knowledge and palaeoecological 

perspectives regarding the genus Pseudodiamesa. 

The aim was to clarify the morphological 

characters of head capsules of the Pseudodiamesa 

larvae which can be clearly visible within 

subfossil remains and reliable used for an 

identification of the subgeneric morphotypes. A 

short summary of the zoogeography and ecology 

of Pseudodiamesa species was also given which 

is very helpful in palaeoecological interpretation 

of subfossil records. 

A general discussion on palaeoenvironmental 

inferences at the extremes of the environmental 

gradient was introduced and chaired by Gaute 

Velle. The modern calibration data set lake 

samples include chironomid head capsules and 

concurring environmental variables. However, it 

is not straightforward to use the calibration data 

set to infer environmental variables that are near 

the lower or upper end of the gradient captured by 

the modern data. Gaute Velle pointed out typical 

challenges, such as: 

(1) The edge effect. Inferring variables at the end 

of the gradient must be done with caution. The 

so-called ‘edge effect’ caused by a truncation of 

the taxa responses, results in a tendency to pull 

the predicted values towards the mean of the 

environmental range in the calibration data set. 

(2) Few modern taxa at the extremes. Since there 

often are more lakes in the mid-range of the 

calibration data sets, fewer taxa are captured from 

the gradient extremes. Hence, the response 

functions for the taxa at the extremes are less 

confident as they are based on fewer 

observations. 

(3) Low fossil diversity. Sites or time periods 

with extreme environments may have additional 

challenges as these often have a low diversity. 

When there is a low diversity in the fossil 

assemblage, the taxa that are present influence the 

palaeoenvironmental inference to a large extent 

and the inference may be more prone to bias 

caused by inadequate response functions or to 

stochastic variables. 

(4) Low abundance. Sites or time periods at 

extreme environments often have a low 

abundance of chironomids. Any quantitative 

palaeoenvironmental inference should be based 

on >50 head capsules. 

(5) Pioneer assemblages. In extreme habitats, 

such as newly formed cold proglacial lakes, the 

7 

pioneer fauna may be in disproportion with 

concurrent environments because they are 

specialist pioneers or because they are 

opportunists. 

In summary, the workshop was very fruitful and 

inspiring. Chironomid palaeoecology is still 

growing, but also developing away from blind 

routine temperature reconstructions of past 

climate conditions. In the summary of the 

previous workshop in Reykjavik, Langdon et al. 

(2007) stated: “…in other words 

palaeoecological simplicity may need to be 

considered more carefully in the face of 

ecological complexity”. Many discussions at the 

workshop clearly demonstrated that other human 

and natural impacts, aside from climate and 

temperature, are affecting the fossil assemblages, 

and that many of these parameters can be 

successfully interpreted. It is also positive that 

many from the new generation of chironomid 

palaeoecologists are going back to basics to 

critically assess the strengths and weaknesses of 

their models and methods. We strongly encourage 

such efforts and also efforts made to integrate 

neo- and paleolimnological approaches to refine 

interpretations of environmental change (e.g., 

Saros 2009). Such efforts are important in order 

to understand the biological mechanisms driving 

the species distribution and abundance. 

We thank all for active participation and 

constructive discussions. The next workshop on 

subfossil chironomidae is arranged by Gaute 

Velle in Bergen, Norway, in May 2011. 

References 

Jónasson, P.M. 1972. Ecology and production of 

profundal benthos in relation to phytoplankton 

in Lake Esrom. - Oikos Supplementum 14: 1– 

148. 

Langdon, P., Holmes, N., Stefánsson, S.M., 

Hannesdóttir, E. and Axford, Y. 2007. The 8th 

European Subfossil Chironomid Workshop, 

Reykjavik 7–8th May 2007. - <strong>Chironomus</strong> 

<strong>newsletter</strong> on Chironomidae research 20: 10– 

13. 

Saros, J. 2009. Integrating neo- and 

paleolimnological approaches to refine 

interpretations of environmental change. 

- Journal of Paleolimnology 41: 243–252.

MEMORIES OF THE XVII TH CHIRONOMID SYMPOSIUM IN TIANJIN, CHINA 

This was the first time I have attended an 

International Symposium on Chironomidae, held 

in Tianjin, China, during July 5-10, 2009. It was 

an excellent way to contact people working in the 

area and was a great experience to discuss their 

work on chironomids. I was very well integrated 

in the group from the first day and I strongly 

recommend this Symposium to all people 

working with Chironomidae. See you in Norway! 

Pedro Raposeiro, PhD Student, Universidade dos 

Açores discute, Departamento de Biologia, Rua 

Mãe de Deus, 13A 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, 

Portugal. 

My name is Mónika Tóth from the University of 

Debrecen, Hungary. This was the second time 

that I have attended the International Symposium 

on Chironomidae. I think this conference was a 

good opportunity for students and Ph.D. students, 

who deal with non-biting midges, to meet with 

academic scientists and ask for help with their 

work. This time I had a poster and I got valuable 

recommendations and comments to continue my 

studies. I enjoyed the conference and interesting 

conversations. This was my first time in China, 

which is a very amazing country. Thank you 

Xinhua Wang, Liu Wei and their students for the 

organisation of the symposium. 

Mónika Tóth, University of Debrecen, Hungary. 

The Tianjin Symposium was a fantastic 

introduction to Chironomidae Symposiums and 

certainly what I hope will be the first of many. 

The ‘seasoned’ delegates provided a very 

welcoming environment for ‘first timers’, and the 

enthusiasm of all attendees was quite stimulating. 

I found the quality of the presented research to be 

phenomenal, and the Symposium was the perfect 

venue to have exciting conversations with 

8 

scientists from around the world who I had 

known before only through their publications. 

Additionally, having the conference in Tianjin 

provided many of us with the opportunity to 

broaden our cultural horizons as well as 

scientific: experiences such as a trip to the Great 

Wall, a river boat trip on the Hai He River, trying 

out traditional Chinese cuisine, and, of course, 

having ample opportunity to find the perfect 

souvenir provided cultural treats that could please 

everyone. All-in-all, the symposium was very 

well organised, a great opportunity to make new 

contacts, and an opportunity to learn from other 

cultures. I’m already looking forward to the next 

conference in Trondheim! 

Alyssa M. Anderson, Department of Zoology, 

University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 

55108. 

The 17 th International Symposium on 

Chironomidae was held in Nankai University this 

year. It was a distinct opportunity for us to meet 

a number of renowned experts working on 

different fields of Chironomidae, meanwhile 

updated information was conveyed. The lectures 

they delivered regaled our senses and helped 

quite a lot in our study. The posters that the 

participants brought showed their research results 

and created a kind of bright scenery in the hall of 

the meeting place. 

Being service staff, we felt tired but excited and 

delighted after each busy day. The smiling faces 

of the foreign friends will not be forgotten till the 

cows come home. Both of us wish the close 

friendship to grow deeper and deeper between the 

researchers all over the world and Nankai 

University through this symposium. What’s 

more, we are looking forward to the next 

symposium where we can get together again. 

Hui Sun & Xue Yu, College of Life Sciences, 

Nankai University.

CHIRONOMID RESEARCH IN NORTHERN PATAGONIA 

Donato, Mariano 1 , Julieta Massaferro 2 & Stephen J. Brooks 3 

1 Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Evolutiva (LASBE), Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n 

(1900), La Plata, Argentina, mdonato@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar 

2 Laboratorio de Biodiversidad, INIBIOMA - CONICET, San Martín 24, (8400) Bariloche, Argentina, 

julimassaferro@crub.uncoma.edu.ar 

3 Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom, 

sjb@nhm.ac.uk 

Patagonia is the southernmost territory of South 

America and was traditionally considered as 

belonging to the Neotropical region (Sclater 

1858, Wallace 1876). Based on these 

zoogeographic schemes, the Argentinean 

biogeographer Raul Ringuelet (1961) divided 

Patagonia into the Araucanian Subregion, 

characterized by dominance of Austral or 

Notogeic fauna, and the Andean-Patagonian 

Subregion, having a dominant mixture of 

Notogeic, Brasilic, and Nearctic elements. Later, 

Cabrera & Willink (1973) proposed a 

biogeographic scheme for South America and the 

Caribbean in which the Andean-Patagonian 

region was part of the Neotropical region and 

Araucania. They named the region the Sub- 

Antarctic province, which was part of the 

Antarctic region and was based on the floristic 

and faunistic affinities of southwestern Patagonia 

with Antarctica, Australia and New Zealand. 

Further biogeographic schemes considered 

Patagonia as a part of a Holantarctic region 

(Takhtajan 1986) or Sub-Antarctic subregion and 

Patagonian subregion of the Andean Region 

(Morrone 2001). The extraordinary amount of 

different biogeographic schemes reflects the 

complexity of the affinities of the biota of 

Patagonia. 

From an ecological perspective, Patagonia is 

highly influenced by the Andes cordillera. The 

climate in western Patagonia is cool-temperate 

but rainfall decreases drastically eastwards 

towards the steppes. Therefore, climate and soil 

conditions make Patagonia extremely water- 

limited and this is reflected in the aquatic 

ecosystems. The western part of Patagonia is 

covered by two eco-regions. The Valdivian 

temperate forest, covering a narrow continental 

strip between the western slope of the Andes and 

the Pacific Ocean, and running from 35°S to 

48°S, is characterized mainly by deciduous and 

evergreen forests and Valdivian rainforest. The 

eastern part of Patagonia is distinguished (from 

north to south) by the Argentinean Monte, 

dominated by scrub vegetation, the Patagonian 

steppe, with shrub vegetation, and the Patagonian 

9 

grassland, with grass-steppe interspersed with 

shrubs (Olsen et al. 2001). 

The habitats and communities in Patagonian 

freshwater ecosystems have been modified by 

different extents and causes. The construction of 

dams and the resulting reservoirs to regulate 

rivers and control floods have modified seasonal 

flow patterns, thus affecting environmental 

conditions for most species. As a result, lotic 

watercourses have become lentic environments. 

Other important alterations of the physical 

environment in Patagonia are the consequence of 

mining activities, urban development and 

degradation derived from tourism. Ironically, 

wetlands are essential for sustaining biodiversity 

and wildlife. Patagonian wetlands present 

complex aquatic communities and provide habitat 

for threatened species and a high number of 

endemic species. 

The freshwater insect biodiversity of Patagonia is 

poorly known and knowledge is constrained by a 

lack of adequate identification guides and 

reference collections. In addition, there is poor 

public understanding of the importance of 

wetlands for biodiversity. In order to address 

these issues, a three year Darwin Initiative 

project, entitled “Capacity Building for Aquatic 

Insects in Patagonia” and supported by the 

Department for Environment, Food and Rural 

Affairs (Defra, UK), began in 2006. The study 

area is the Nahuel Huapi National Park (NHNP) 

in northern Patagonia, Argentina. NHNP covers 

7050 km 2 of Patagonian steppe, temperate 

deciduous forest and Valdivian rainforest. The 

latter ecosystem is recognised as one of the most 

threatened eco-regions in the world by the Global 

2000 initiative launched by WWF and the World 

Bank. The main objectives of the Darwin 

Initiative project are to increase knowledge of 

freshwater insect biodiversity; to promote 

conservation of the various freshwater 

ecosystems in this protected area; and to 

communicate, share and educate citizens in 

different aspects of biodiversity. The project 

brings together a team of British and Argentinean 

scientists from the Natural History Museum

London, The Natural History Museum La Plata, 

The Institute of Limnology La Plata, The 

University of Patagonia in Esquel, The Central 

Regional University at Bariloche and the National 

Parks Administration Bariloche. 

A key task for the team is to study the major 

freshwater insect groups in NHNP including 

Chironomidae, Ceratopogonidae and Simulidae 

(Diptera); Plecoptera; Ephemeroptera; Odonata; 

Trichoptera; and aquatic Coleoptera. With 

invaluable logistics support from the park rangers 

and other NHNP staff, more than 200 sites have 

been sampled covering the various freshwater 

environments represented in NHNP. The 

sampling methods included Malaise trap, light 

trap, sweep net, drift net and kick sample. 

Taxonomic, ecological and distributional data 

resulting from this collecting effort is being 

entered into a database of freshwater insects from 

NHNP. The species distribution data will be 

linked to a vegetation classification and the 

physical and chemical attributes of the water 

bodies, using GIS and digital imaging, and will be 

used to model freshwater insect data spatially and 

create a biodiversity data repository, the first of 

its kind in Patagonia. Another important project 

goal was addressed by building infrastructure in 

NHNP to provide a wetland interpretation centre 

and laboratory where tourists, sport anglers, 

students and researchers can study freshwater 

insects and understand their role in freshwater 

ecosystems. 

Patagonian chironomid fauna 

The first records and knowledge of Chironomidae 

from Patagonia are due to the invaluable work of 

the English entomologist Frederick Wallace 

Edwards (1888-1940). To obtaining collections of 

insects from the southern Andes, a joint 

expedition was arranged in 1926 by the British 

Museum of Natural History and the 

Bacteriological Institute of the National 

Department of Hygiene of Argentina. Edwards 

went to collect for the British Museum and Mr. 

Raymond C. Shannon for the Argentine 

Government. At the end of the field trip, they 

collected collections of over 20000 insects each 

one (Edwards 1927). After the study of the 

material collected, Edwards published in 1931 

published the chapter referred to Chironomidae as 

a part of the book “Diptera of Patagonia and 

South Chile” and he described 71 new species 

and gives the foundation of the chironomid 

Patagonian knowledge. 

Preliminary data on Chironomidae collected 

during the project, supplemented by examining 

10 

collections made by earlier entomologists and 

literature searches, has shown that the chironomid 

fauna of NHNP includes 104 species in 48 genera 

and 6 subfamilies. Analysis of subfossil larvae 

from lake sediments collected in NHNP include 

52 morphotypes in 36 genera and 4 subfamilies 

(Donato et al. 2008). The number of chironomid 

species found in NHNP constitutes a relatively 

high proportion of the chironomid diversity of 

Patagonia. Nine subfamilies are recorded from 

this region, including the monotypic subfamily 

Chilenomyiinae which is endemic for the area. 

Of the 111 known genera from South America, 

53 are present in the study area. Approximately 

20 % of the genera recorded from Patagonia are 

endemic to the region. One hundred and seventy 

seven species of Chironomidae have been 

recorded from Patagonia, 98% of them are 

endemic, 3 % are considered nomina dubia and 

about 17 % require revision since their systematic 

position is doubtful. Taking the Andean cordillera 

as a boundary, 55 species are endemic to the 

eastern side, 57 are endemic to the western side 

and 65 are common to both sides. The original 

descriptions of the chironomid species from 

Patagonia are based mainly on males (n=58) or 

males and females (n=43) which represents 57 % 

of the total. The rest of the species have been 

described using different combinations of stages 

from their life cycle (Donato et al., 2009). The 

Patagonian chironomid fauna shows affinities 

with the Australasian region (i.e. with a strict 

transantarctic distribution) exemplified by the 

Chironominae genera Megacentron Freeman and 

Riethia Kieffer, the Podonominae genus 

Rheochlus Brundin, and the Orthocladiinae 

genera Austrocladius Freeman, Botryocladius 

Cranston & Edwards, Parapsectrocladius 

Cranston, Rhinocladius Edwards and 

Stictocladius Edwards. Based on the material 

collected, mounted and studied so far during the 

last three years, we have found 16 new species 

that are waiting for more data (mostly concerning 

their immature stages) before they are described. 

References 

Cabrera, A.L. & Willink, A. 1973. Biogeografía 

de América Latina. Monografía 13. Serie de 

Biología. Secretaría General de la 

Organización de los Estados Americanos. 

Washington DC. USA. 120 pp. 

Donato, M., Massaferro, J. & Brooks, S.J. 2008. 

Chironomid (Chironomidae: Diptera) 

checklist from Nahuel Huapi National Park, 

Patagonia, Argentina. Revista de la Sociedad 

Entomologica Argentina 67: 163-170.

Donato, M., Massaferro, J. & Brooks, S.J. 2009. 

Estado del conocimiento taxonómico de la 

fauna de Chironomidae (Diptera: Nematocera) 

de la Patagonia [Current state of the 

taxonomic knowledge of the Chironomidae 

fauna (Diptera: Nematocera) of Patagonia]. 

Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica 

Argentina 68 (1-2): 187-192. 

Edwards, F.W. 1927. Insect collecting in the 

Southern Andes. Natural History Magazine 1: 

111-125. 

Edwards, F.W. 1931. Chironomidae. Diptera of 

Patagonia and South Chile, based mainly on 

material in the British Museum (Natural 

History). Part 2, Nematocera. London: Printed 

by Order of the Trustees. pp. 233- 331. 

Morrone, J.J. 2001. Biogeografía de América 

Latina y el Caribe. M&T–Manuales & Tesis 

SEA, vol. 3. Zaragoza, 148 pp. 

Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E.,Wikramanaya, E.D., 

Burgess, N.D., Powell, G.V.N., Underwood, 

E.C., D’amico, J.A., Itoua, I., Strand, H.E., 

Morrison, J.C., Loucks, C.J., Allnutt, T.F., 

Ricketts, T.H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J.F., 

Wettengel, W.W., Hedao, P. & Kassem, K.R. 

2001. Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A 

New Map of Life on Earth. Biosciences 51 

(11): 933-938. 

Ringuelet, R.A. 1961. Rasgos fundamentales de 

la Zoogeografía de la Argentina. Physis 22 

(63): 151-170. 

Sclater, P.L. 1858. On the general geographical 

distribution of the members of the class Aves. 

Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2: 

130-145. 

Takhtajan, A. 1986. Floristic regions of the 

world. University of California. Berkeley, 

USA. 522 pp. 

Wallace, A.R. 1876. The Geographical 

Distribution of Animals. Macmillan, London. 

DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW DESIGN OF AN INSECTARY MODEL FOR REARING AND 

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT STUDIES ON CHIRONOMID MIDGES 

B. B. Nath 1 , Leena Thorat 1 , Ananda Babrekar 1 , Kailash Datkhile 1 , Ashok Ghadge 1 , 

Rahul Gaikwad 1 & D. C. Meshram 2 

1 Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Pune, Pune-411007, India, 

bbnath@unipune.ernet.in, leenathorat@gmail.com, babrekar@gmail.com, kddatkhile@gmail.com, 

ghadgeas008@gmail.com & rahul0880@gmail.com 

2 Department of Geology, University of Pune, Pune-411007, India, dcmeshram@unipune.ernet.in 

<strong>Chironomus</strong> ramosus Chaudhuri (1992), is one of 

the common tropical midges that form an 

abundant group of sediment-dwelling macro 

invertebrates of slow-flowing freshwater 

ecosystems of the Indian subcontinent, vulnerable 

to numerous fluctuating environmental 

conditions. Midges not only play an important 

role in maintaining a balanced aquatic ecosystem, 

being a major prey for the invertebrate and 

vertebrate fauna and preying upon lower 

invertebrates, but are also important rate 

determining conduits useful as indicators for 

water quality bioassessment (Merritt et al. 2009). 

In recent times, chironomid midges have emerged 

as a useful model system for environmental 

biomonitoring studies of acute and chronic 

11 

toxicity of large number of pollutants of the 

aquatic ecosystem. 

Although laboratory based studies may provide a 

preliminary assessment of various biotic and 

abiotic factors circulating in the environment, 

they are mere auxiliary tools to the interpretation 

of in situ bioassays. For this reason, assessment of 

the responses of test organisms to laboratory 

exposures along with field based studies would 

help minimize the biases associated with lab-tofield 

extrapolation. Unfortunately, very few 

attempts have helped clarify this issue. A few of 

such studies have exploited midges, thus 

providing a better understanding of whether in 

situ and laboratory tests demonstrate comparable 

results (Faria et al. 2007). However, the absence

of an in situ control group of the biota is one of 

the limitations noticed in many contemporary 

experimental designs. 

In an attempt at overcoming the shortcomings of 

comparative studies comprising laboratory and 

field samples, our laboratory team has come up 

with a novel ex situ technique suitable for rearing 

and carrying out simulation studies on C. ramosus 

in an insectary. This insectary is specially 

designed to meet the conditions as similar as 

possible to the prevailing natural environment. 

Further, rearing is carried out in small water tanks 

supplemented with phytoplankton and protists, 

thus mimicking the conditions in a lentic water 

body. Of the two tanks inside the insectary, one 

serves for ex situ control studies and the other for 

corresponding experimental studies in which 

stressor concentrations can be manipulated as per 

the requirement of the experimental design. The 

insectary is kept covered with a shade net in order 

to prevent the entry of other insects. The design 

of the insectary is depicted in Fig.1 a-c. This 

technique has been successfully standardized for 

the maintenance and breeding of C. ramosus and 

is cost effective involving less labour input. To 

the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of 

similar techniques practised for chironomid 

midges where natural populations can be 

maintained and subjected to natural seasonal 

variations. 

The tanks were constructed of clay bricks 

reinforced with concrete columns. To begin with, 

egg masses collected from the field were reared 

and developmental stages were validated for 

taxonomic identification using morphological and 

cytotaxonomic keys (Chaudhuri et al. 1992, Nath 

and Godbole 1997). To initiate rearing, ≈100 late 

fourth instar larvae each were transferred to 

rearing tubs (Ø=35 cm) placed in a net cage under 

laboratory conditions (Fig. 1 d), which were 

maintained exactly as described by Nath and 

Godbole (1998). Similarly, ≈100 larvae were 

transferred to the insectary tanks, covered with 

net cages and the base of the tanks was layered (2 

cm) with silt and finely ground moss that served 

as soft substratum for tube building. Special food 

formulation (Nath and Godbole 1998) was 

supplied to the developing cultures every two 

days. 

Fig. 1: a) Blue print of the insectary showing the location of the rearing tanks within the insectary. b) 

Interior view of the insectary showing the two rearing tanks. The insectary is shown covered with a shade 

net. c) Interior view of the insectary showing the two rearing tanks covered with net cages and each filled 

with about 130 litres of water. d) Special laboratory facility for rearing populations under ambient 

laboratory conditions. 

12

The absence of predators of C. ramosus, placed it 

at the last trophic level of the food chain in the 

rearing tanks. It was found unnecessary to change 

the water of the tanks on a routine basis, thus 

saving both time and effort. However, whenever 

cleaning of the ponds was demanded, the water 

was flushed out through a small outlet present at 

one of the basal corners of the tanks. The desired 

level of water in the tanks was maintained 

through appropriate replenishments. 

Our observations indicated that the life cycle of 

C. ramosus from egg to adult in the laboratory 

reared populations was completed in about 36 

days, while it took about 33 days for the insectary 

reared population. The differences of growth 

parameters found in the two groups was found to 

be negligible (ANOVA, P> 0.05) (Table1). 

Table 1: Comparison between lab reared (LR) 

and insectary reared (IR) populations for various 

growth, developmental and emergence 

parameters. d = duration in days. 

Parameter LR 

population 

Hatching of eggs 2d 2d 

IR 

population 

1 st to 4 th instar stage 29 ± 1.25 d 25 ± 2.06 d 

Pupal stage 3 ± 0.11d 3 ± 0.21 d 

Adult life span 2.5 ± 0.68 d 3 ± 0.32 d 

# of swarming adults 

on the day of egg 

laying 

Sex ratio on the day 

of egg laying 

Total egg masses 

obtained 

20 ± 3.25 25 ± 2.66 

1:1 1:1 

6 9 

The suitability of this novel technique proved 

successful when egg masses (i.e. 1 st generation) 

were obtained from the founder population. When 

reared in a similar manner, these egg masses 

perpetuated to successive generations (so far, 4 

generations have been successfully reared in the 

tanks). Therefore, the rearing conditions 

maintained in the insectary showed future 

potential for undertaking genetic toxicological 

studies. Most of the ecotoxicological research has 

been aimed at investigating the responses of field 

samples under laboratory experimental regimes. 

But what these studies lack is an in situ 

understanding and implications of the stressors. 

The novel approach adopted by us, would provide 

13 

an alternative design for ex situ assessment of 

toxicants using chironomid midges as model 

systems and gaining useful insights to queries of 

the ecological implications of the abiotic factors 

that prevail in the natural environment and whose 

role in the various developmental processes 

cannot be played-out. We hope that the model of 

the insectary presented here, would attract the 

attention of chironomidologists for designing 

simulation experiments, often required in 

environmental assessment studies. 

Acknowledgements 

BBN and DCM acknowledge the financial 

support received from ISRO-UoP research project 

(# 80) and the infrastructural facilities from the 

Department of Zoology, University of Pune. The 

authors also acknowledge the technical 

suggestions received from Mr. Yeshwant B. 

Kulkarni. 

References 

Chaudhuri, P.K., Das, S.K. and Sublette, J.E. 

1992. Indian species of genus <strong>Chironomus</strong> 

Miegen (Diptera: Chironomidae). - 

Zoologische Jahrbűcher fűr Systematik 119: 1 

- 51. 

Faria, M.S., António J.A., Nogueira, and Amadeu 

M.V.M. Soares. 2007. The use of <strong>Chironomus</strong> 

riparius larvae to assess effects of pesticides 

from rice fields in adjacent freshwater 

ecosystems. - Ecotoxicology and Environmental 

Safety 67: 218-226 

Merritt, R.W., Courtney, G. W. and Keiper, J. B. 

2009. Diptera. In: Resh V. H. and Carde C.R. 

(Eds.). The Encyclopedia of Insects. Elsevier, 

Amsterdam, pp 284- 299. 

Nath B.B. and Godbole N.N. 1997. Chromosomal 

characterization of tropical midge. - Cytobios 

91: 25-31. 

Nath B.B. and Godbole N.N. 1998. Technique for 

mass rearing of Indian <strong>Chironomus</strong> species. - 

Studia Dipterologica 5: 187-193.

SYNONYMY OF CHIRONOMUS PLUMATISETIGERUS TOKUNAGA, 1964, 

WITH CHIRONOMUS CIRCUMDATUS KIEFFER, 1916 

Jon Martin 1 and Sumitra Saxena 2 

1 Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia, j.martin@unimelb.edu.au 

2 S.G.T.B. Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 

Recently, Pramual et al. (2008) noted the 

synonymy of <strong>Chironomus</strong> plumatisetigerus with 

<strong>Chironomus</strong> circumdatus, based on the 

information of the web page of Martin (2007). 

That web page is not a recognised publication 

and, further, the synonymy is not indicated in 

either the title or abstract of the paper. This note 

is therefore intended to provide a more formal 

notification and basis for the synonymy. 

C. circumdatus was described by Kieffer (1916) 

from Formosa (Taiwan), and the type is 

presumably lost. However, the species has been 

redescribed by a number of people, of whom the 

most relevant here is that of Chaudhuri et al. 

(1992), since material used for cytological studies 

in India (Kumar and Gupta 1990; Tripathi et al. 

2004) is based on this description. 

C. plumatisetigerus was described by Tokunaga 

(1945) from several islands of Micronesia. 

Material identified as this species was found in 

Australia (Bugledich et al. 1999), and this 

material was the basis for publications on the 

cytology of this species in Thailand 

(Kuvangkadilok 1985) and India (Saxena 1995). 

Comparison of the published chromosome maps 

from the studies under these two names clearly 

showed that the banding patterns and most of the 

inversion polymorphisms were identical, 

indicating that all studies were of the same 

species. This cytologically defined species 

becomes C. circumdatus, since that name has 

priority, and so C. plumatisetigerus must be 

considered as a junior synonym. 

References 

Bugledich, E.-M.A., Cranston, P.S. and Martin, J. 

1999. Diptera: Nematocera: Chironomidae. In 

Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (Eds.) 

CURRENT RESEARCH 

14 

Zoological Catalogue of Australia, Vol. 30.1, 

CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 112-158. 

Kieffer, J.J. 1916. Tendipedides (Chironomides) 

de Formose conservés au Muséum National 

Hangrois de Budapest et détérmines par J. J. 

KIEFFER. - Annales historico-naturales 

Musei nationalis Hungarici 14 : 81-121. 

Kumar, A. and Gupta, J.P. 1990. Cytogenetic 

studies of <strong>Chironomus</strong> circumdatus from 

India (Diptera: Chironomidae). - Genetica 82: 

157-163. 

Kuvangkadilok, C. 1985. Cytogenetic studies of 

<strong>Chironomus</strong> plumatisetigerus (Diptera: 

Chironomidae) in Thailand. - Journal of the 

Sciences Society of Thailand 11: 37-45. 

Martin, J. 2007. Australian <strong>Chironomus</strong> species. 

Available from http://www.genetics.unimelb. 

edu.au/Martin/AustChironfile/AustChiron.htm 

(accessed 14 July 2009) 

Pramual, P., Gomontean, B., Buasay, V., 

Srikhamwiang, N., Suebkar, P., Niamlek, C., 

Donsinphoem, Y. and Chalat-Chieo, K. 2008. 

Population cytogenetics of <strong>Chironomus</strong> 

circum-datus Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera, 

Chironomidae) from Thailand. - Genetica 

135: 51-57. 

Tokunaga, M. 1964. Diptera, Chironomidae. 

- Insects of Micronesia 12: 485-628. 

Tripathi, N.K., Sharma, O.P. and Khanna, P. 

2004. Studies on the polytene chromosomes 

of <strong>Chironomus</strong> circumdatus (Diptera: 

Chirono-midae) from Jammu region. - 

Proceedings of the National Academy of 

Sciences India, Section B, Biological Sciences 

74: 1-6.

A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY FOR THE GENUS 

ABLABESMYIA (TANYPODINAE) 

Analía C. Paggi 1 , Augusto Siri 1 and Caroline Silva Neubern de Oliveira 2 

1 Instituto de Limnología “Dr. R.A. Ringuelet” (CONICET, UNLP) C.C. 712, 1900 La Plata, Buenos 

Aires, Argentina. E-mail: anpaggi@ilpla.edu.ar and augusto@ilpla.edu.ar 

2 Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná. Caixa Postal. 19020, Curitiba, Paraná, 

Brasil. E-mail: cneubern@yahoo.com.br 

The genus Ablabesmyia is well represented in 

both the north and south Americas, though the 

latter region is inadequately studied. A few 

months ago, the authors of this note made contact 

to exchange type material and literature on the 

known species of Ablabesmyia from South 

America. Almost immediately, we faced the 

problem that we were referring to the same 

structures by different names, so we decided to 

sort and organize the different terminologies used 

along with the most important bibliography of 

this genus. Furthermore, we wanted to share the 

misunderstandings we faced with others who 

want to study Ablabesmyia so they can learn from 

our mistakes. 

Megaseta of the adult male gonostylus 

When describing the male hypopygium of 

Ablabesmyia, Johannsen (1946: 271) wrote the 

following: “styles of the hypopygium about as 

those of a typical monilis except that the 

articulated pre-apical stylet is straight and acute at 

apex”. Roback some years later (1959: 116) 

separated the main subgenera, Ablabesmyia s. str. 

and Karelia, by the characteristic “preapical stylet 

pointed (P) or expanded (E)”, however, the same 

author used different names for the same structure 

later in the same paper: “preapical spine of the 

distyle” and “preapical spur of the distyle has 

retained the simple apex” (p. 117). Roback (1971: 

356, 357 and 365) employed the name “preapical 

spur”, and in 1982 (p. 106) “spur of dististyle”. In 

1983, the same author used “gonostylus spur 

expanded or sharp” (Roback 1983: 237, table 1). 

Later, Roback (1985) introduced the term 

“megaseta”, in his subgeneric adult diagnosis of 

the subgenera Karelia (p. 169) and Ablabesmyia 

(p. 178), probably adopting the nomenclature of 

Sæther & Sublette (1983) for the homologous 

structure in Orthocladiinae. Unfortunately, 

Murray & Fittkau (1989), in their Tanypodinae 

diagnosis for the Holarctic genera, erroneously 

used the term “megaseta” to refer to the apex of 

the gonostylus: “gonostylus simple…distally with 

megaseta, mostly without but occasionally with 

simple or apically expanded subterminal seta 

(Ablabesmyia)…” (p. 38); followed by 

“gonostylus as long as or slightly longer than 

gonocoxite, slender and tapering; megaseta 

cochleariform with distally expanded or pointed 

subterminal seta” (p.42). This misunderstanding 

confused us and generated doubts on which 

structure actually is the megaseta. 

Figure 1. Distal portion of gonostylus. a) extracted from Paggi 

& Añón Suarez 2000. b) extracted from Paggi 1987 

15

In order to clarify and unify the use of terms 

describing the subterminal seta on the gonostylus 

of Tanypodinae, we suggest that the name 

“megaseta” (Roback 1985) should be used. The 

megaseta lies parallel to the “hooded or 

cochleariform” apex of gonostylus (Fig. 1). In 

descriptions of Ablabesmyia hypopygia, it is very 

important to consider the shape of the megaseta 

(expanded or sharpened) to differentiate the 

subgenera and to avoid the wrong interpretation. 

Furthermore, it is very important to place the 

structures in their correct position during slide 

mounting, keeping the apex of the gonostylus and 

megaseta a little separated from another. The 

gonostylus should preferably be mounted in 

lateral view to avoid possible misinterpretations 

(Fig. 1). 

The Aedegal complex 

With regard to the aedeagal complex we also 

recorded different morphology terminology for 

the same structures. Roback (1959, 1971) 

described this complex as being formed of four 

pairs of structures (aedeagal blades, dorsal lobes, 

lateral filaments and lateral lobes). Later, Sæther 

(1980) named these structures volsellas (superior, 

median and inferior volsellas), but he did not 

mention the “lateral lobes” described by Roback. 

It is possible that they were hidden by the other 

structures or absent in the examined specimens. 

Roback (1983) did not agree with Sæther (1980) 

on the homology of the lobes with the volsellas of 

the other subfamilies. He introduced the term 

basidorsal lobe of the gonocoxite and suggested 

that it might be the true inferior volsella of the 

other subfamilies. We therefore think it is 

appropriate to describe the aedegal complex, to 

accurately name the different structures, and 

choose one set of terminology to avoid confusion. 

This has been attempted in Fig. 2. 

Maxillary palps in adults and larvae 

Older works on chironomids, describe four 

palpomeres in the maxillary palp of the adult 

male. Recent papers describe the palps to consist 

of 5 segments, following the works by Sæther 

(1971, 1980). The new interpretation 

acknowledges the first palpomere as a small, 

basal, weakly sclerotized segment that is deprived 

of setae. This means that what was previously 

considered to be the third palpomere, now is the 

fourth, and that the fourth palpomere (not the 

third) is shorter than the third (not the second as 

described by Fittkau 1962: 416 and Roback 1971: 

354). 

Figure 2. Aedeagal complex. a) Ablabesmyia bianulata, modified from Paggi 1987. b) Ablabesmyia 

simpsonii, modified from Roback 1985 

16

Numbering of the larval palpal segments has 

likewise been done differently by authors and 

thus caused inconsistency in the calculation of the 

length ratio between the first and second palpal 

segments. Roback (1985, fig. 42) started the 

numbering from the apical palpomere while Epler 

(2001: 4.20) named the most basal palpomere 

segment 1. Since the number of palpomeres in 

Ablabesmyia larvae increase by the addition of 

segments basal to the ring organ, we suggest 

following Roback’s (1985) numbering for the 

future. Thus the palpomere distal to the ring 

organ should be named P1. 

Different use of morphology terminology can 

easily result in erroneous interpretation of 

identification keys, both at the subgenus and 

species level in Ablabesmyia. We hope that the 

above clarification of names for structures 

observed in this genus will aid in future 

nomenclature consistency. 

Acknowledgments 

The authors thank Bohdan Bilyj and Torbjørn 

Ekrem for their comments and suggestions on the 

manuscript. 

References 

Epler, J. H. 2001. Identification Manual for the 

larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and 

South Carolina. A guide to the taxonomy of 

the midges of the southeastern United States, 

including Florida. Special Publication SJ2001- 

SP13. North Carolina Department of 

Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh, 

NC, and St. Johns River Water Management 

District, Palatka, FL. 526 pp. http:// 

home.earthlink.net/~johnepler/index.html 

Fittkau, E.J. 1962. Die Tanypodinae (Diptera, 

Chironomidae). Die Tribus Anatopyniini, 

Macropelopiini und Pentaneurini. - Abh. 

Larvalsyst. Lnsekten. 6: 1-435. 

Johannsen, O.A. 1946. Revision of the North 

American species of the genus Pentaneura 

17 

(Tendipedidae: Chironomidae, Diptera). - J. 

New York Entomol. Soc. LIV. 4: 267-289. 

Murray, D.A. and Fittkau, E. J. 1989. The adult 

males of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) 

of the Holarctic Region – Keys and 

Diagnosis. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.), 

Chironomidae of the Holarctic region – Keys 

and diagnoses. Part 3. Adult males. - Ent. 

Scand. Suppl. 34: 37-123. 

Roback, S.S. 1959. The subgenus Ablabesmyia of 

Pentaneura (Diptera, Tendipedidae, Pelopiinae). 

- Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Philad. 85: 

113-135. 

Roback, S.S. 1971. The adults of the subfamily 

Tanypodinae (= Pelopiinae) in North America 

(Diptera: Chironomidae). - Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philad. 17: 1-410. 

Roback, S.S. 1982. The Tanypodinae (Diptera: 

Chironomide) of Australia II. - Proc. Acad. 

Nat. Sci. Philad. 134: 80-112. 

Roback, S.S. 1983. Ablabesmyia (Sartaia) metica 

a new subgenus and species (Diptera: 

Chironomidae: Tanypodinae). - Proc. Acad. 

Nat. Sci. Philad. 135: 236-240. 

Roback, S.S. 1985. The immature Chironomids of 

the eastern United States.VI. Pentaneurinigenus 

Ablabesmyia. - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philad. 137, 2: 153-212. 

Sæther, O.A. 1971. Notes on general morphology 

and terminology of the Chironomidae 

(Diptera). - Can. Ent. 103: 1237–1260. 

Sæther, O.A. 1980. Glossary of chironomid 

morphology terminology (Diptera: 

Chironomidae). - Ent. scand. Suppl. 14: 1-51. 

Sæther, O.A. and Sublette, J. E. 1983. A review 

of the genera Doithrix n. gen., Georthocladius 

Strenzke, Parachaetocladius Wülker, and 

Pseudorthocladius Goetghebuer (Diptera: 

Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). - Ent. scand. 

Suppl. 20: 1-100.

PALEOLIMNOLOGICAL EVIDENCE CONFIRMS THAT PAROCHLUS STEINENII (GERKE) IS 

NOT A RECENT INTRODUCTION TO THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA REGION 

Janelle T. Agius 1 , John A.E. Gibson 1,2* , Eugenio Rico 3 and Antonio Quesada 4 

1 Institute for Antarctic and Southern Ocean Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 77, Hobart, 

Tasmania, Australia. Email: John.Gibson@utas.edu.au 

2 Marine Research Laboratories, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, 

Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 

3 Departmento de Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain 

4 Departmento de Biologia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain 

* Corresponding author 

Introduction 

Chironomid remains are common in lake 

sediments, and have been used widely as 

indicators of change in climatic conditions. Far 

fewer studies, however, have made use of the 

palaeobiogeographical potential of these remains 

to investigate past species distributions and the 

origins of isolated faunas. 

Two models have been suggested for the origin of 

Antarctic populations of the chironomid 

Parochlus steinenii (Gerke) (Allegrucci et al. 

2005). It was originally suggested that this 

species could have been introduced to the 

Antarctic Peninsula region from farther north by 

human activities, beginning with whaling in the 

mid-to-late 1800s (Convey and Block 1996). This 

suggestion was predicated on the quite recent 

initial observation (1950s) of this species in the 

South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic 

Peninsula (Torres 1956). 

Molecular studies indicated a different story. 

Analysis of 28S ribosomal RNA from three 

distinct populations of Parochlus steinenii 

suggested that the populations on the Antarctic 

Peninsula and the nearby South Shetland Islands 

had been separated from the other populations on 

a time scale of million of years, and that each 

population was limited to particular tectonic 

plates (Allegrucci et al. 2005). 

In this short note we use palaeolimnological 

techniques to test these models, and conclude an 

ancient origin for the Antarctic Peninsula/South 

Shetland Island population of Parochlus steinenii. 

18 

Methods 

The study site was a small lake on Byers 

Peninsula, Livingston Island (62°40’S, 61°00’W, 

Figure 1), that has been the centre of a concerted 

scientific study (Toro et al. 2007), and which has 

become known as Limnopolar Lake. See 

www.aslo.org/photopost/showphoto.php/photo/70 

6/ppuser/158 for a picture of the lake. Livingston 

Island is in an active volcanic area, with nearby 

Deception Island having erupted as recently as 

1969 (Pallàs et al. 2001). 

During the Antarctic field season of 2002/2003 a 

29.2 cm sediment core was obtained from 

Limnopolar Lake using a modified hybrid Glew 

corer and Kajak corer. The core did not reach 

bedrock. The core was sectioned on site into 0.2 

cm sections (0-10 cm), 0.5 cm sections (10-25 

cm), or 1.0 cm sections (25-29 cm). The sections 

were then transferred into labelled whirlpak bags, 

and stored at 4°C until analysed. 

Animal remains were isolated by placing 

approximately 1 g of wet sediment in a 20 ml 

scintillation vial and adding distilled water to 

disperse the sediment. The sediment was sieved 

on 44 µm and 100 µm mesh, and the material 

retained on the sieves was treated with Rose 

Bengal to stain biological components. The 

material was examined under a dissecting 

microscope and chironomid remains isolated for 

further study. 

Radiocarbon dating of the sediments, estimation 

of the relative abundance of aquatic moss (on an 

arbitrary scale), and measurement of abundance 

of tephra (microscopic shards of volcanic glass) 

were undertaken as described elsewhere (Agius 

2006).

Figure 1. Map of southern South America and the Antarctic Peninsula showing the location of 

Livingston Island, as well as other areas inhabited by Parochlus steinenii (Terra del Fuego and 

continental South America, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula mainland). 

Results 

Chironomid remains were encountered at 

abundances up to 180 per g dry weight (gdw -1 ). 

The remains, which were typically of the order of 

200 µm in length, were mainly portions of adults 

and discarded pupae, with many anatomical 

Figure 2. Photographs of representative 

Parochlus steinenii remains: (a) head capsule and 

eyes of adult; (b) wings and legs of pupa; (c) tail 

of pupa; and (d) adult thorax. 

19 

features present (Figure 2). The remains could be 

identified by comparison to literature figures, in 

particular the figure of adult and pupa in Wirth 

and Gressitt (1967). Identification was confirmed 

by P. Convey, British Antarctic Survey, UK. 

Somewhat surprisingly, no larval head capsules 

were observed. 

The distribution within the core (Figure 3) 

exhibited peaks at depths of 8 cm, 10-15 cm and 

25 cm separated by periods of low abundance. 

The distribution of the chironomid remains 

showed qualitatively similar trends to that of 

aquatic moss, with both the moss and the 

chironomids less abundant after periods of 

significant tephral input. 

The age of the sediments was difficult to 

determine due to contamination with old carbon, 

possibly through partial melting of permafrost (J. 

Gibson and A. Quesada, unpublished results). 

The most parsimonious interpretation of the data 

suggested that the core covered approximately 

2000 years of sedimentation, but this figure must 

be viewed with caution.

Discussion 

Figure 3. Abundance of Parochlus steinenii remains (per gram dry weight) in a sediment 

core from Limnopolar Lake as a function of depth. Also shown are the abundance of tephra 

shards and a qualitative estimate of the amount of dead moss present in the sediment. The 

time span covered by the sediment core is probably of the order of 2000 years. 

The occurrence of remains of Parochlus steinenii 

at nearly all depths sampled within the sediment 

core indicates that the species was present 

throughout the time the sediment was deposited. 

While the precise time interval the core represents 

cannot be determined, it is certain that the 

chironomid has been present on Byers Peninsula 

for an extended period, and that the suggestion 

that the species was introduced by whalers can be 

almost certainly refuted. The observed 

distribution within the sediment is consistent with 

the conclusions of Allegrucci et al. (2005), who 

suggested an ancient origin for this species and 

therefore the presence of glacial refugia either on 

the Antarctic Peninsula or within the South 

Shetland Islands. Recognition of similar glacial 

refugia across Antarctica is increasing (Convey et 

al. 2008) 

The distribution of the remains in the core gives 

some indication of the habitat preferences of the 

species: it appears to be more abundant when 

significant moss growth occurs in the lake. Toro 

et al. (2007) reported that Parochlus steinenii was 

most likely to be present in Livingston Island 

20 

lakes that also contained benthic mosses, which is 

consistent with this conclusion. Abundance 

appears to be negatively impacted by deposition 

of tephra from nearby volcanic eruptions, which 

would smother food sources. Similar observations 

have been made during the study of a Chilean 

lake impacted by tephral deposition (Urrutia et al. 

2007). However, it may also be that these 

apparent correlations are artefacts stemming from 

changes in sedimentation rates as a result of 

tephra and other volcanic inputs. The absence of 

larval head capsules in the sediment is surprising, 

as larvae inhabit Limnopolar Lake (Toro et al. 

2007). The conclusion to be drawn from this 

observation is that the head capsules of Parochlus 

steinenii are not preserved in the sediment. 

Acknowledgements 

We thank M. Toro for collecting the core and 

kindly providing the sediments for this research, 

P. Convey for confirming the identity of the 

chironomid remains, and the Australian Institute 

for Nuclear Science and Engineering for funding 

the attempts at dating the sediment core (Grants 

05063 and 07066). The Ministerio de Educación 

y Ciencia (Spain) also funded parts of this work

with the grants REN2000-0435-ANT and 

CGL2005-06549-CO2-01. 

References 

Agius, J.T. 2006. Tephra and ecological studies 

of Limnopolar Lake, Byers Peninsula, 

Livingston Island. Honours thesis, University 

of Tasmania. Available from: 

http://eprints.utas.edu.au/8815/ 

Allegrucci, G., Carchini, G., Todisco, V., 

Convey, P. and Sbordoni, V. 2005. A 

molecular phylogeny of Antarctic Chironomidae 

and its implications for biogeographical 

history. - Polar Biology 29: 320-326. 

Convey, P. and Block, W. 1996. Antarctic 

Diptera: ecology, physiology and distribution. 

- European Journal of Entomology 93: 1–13. 

Convey, P., Gibson, J. A. E., Hillenbrand, C., 

Hodgson, D. A., Pugh, P. J. A., Smellie, J. L. 

and Stevens, M. I. 2008. Antarctic terrestrial 

life – challenging the history of the frozen 

continent? - Biological Reviews 83: 103-114. 

Pallàs, R., Smellie, J.L., Casas, J.M. and Calvet, 

J. 2001. Using tephrochronology to date 

temperate ice: correlation between ice tephras 

on Livingston Island and eruptive units on 

Deception Island volcano (South Shetland 

21 

Islands, Antarctica). - The Holocene 11: 149- 

160. 

Torres, B.A. 1956. Primer hallazgo de 

Tendipedidos alados en lae region Antartica. 

Podonominae, una nueva subfamilia para la 

citada region. - Anales de la Sociedad 

Cientifica Argentina 161: 41-52. 

Toro, M., Camacho, A., Rochera, C., Rico, E., 

Banon, M., Fernandez-Valiente, E., Marco, 

E., Justel, A, Avendano, M.C., Ariosa, Y., 

Vincent, W.F., and Quesada, A. 2007. 

Limnological characteristics of the freshwater 

ecosystems of Byers Peninsula, Livingston 

Island, in maritime Antarctica. - Polar 

Biology 30: 635-649. 

Wirth, W.W. and Gressitt, J.L. 1967. Diptera: 

Chironomidae (Midges). - Antarctic Research 

Series 10: 197-203. 

Urrutia, R., Araneda, A., Cruces, F., Torres, L., 

Chirinos, L., Treutler, H.C., Fagel, N., 

Bertrand, S., Alvial, I., Barra, R., and 

Chapron, E. 2007. Changes in diatom, pollen, 

and chironomid assemblages in response to a 

recent volcanic event in Lake Galletue 

(Chilean Andes). - Limnologica 37: 49-62.

Chironomidae photo database of the Sasa collection opened on the home page of 

the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo 

Tadashi Kobayashi 

Ex-senior researcher of Institute for Environmental and Social welfare Studies, Kurobe 

E-mail: tadkoba@k.email.ne.jp 

As presented in <strong>Chironomus</strong> Newsletter No.19 (2006) by Dr. Toshio Iwakuma, the late Professor Dr. 

Manabu Sasa (1916-2006) began his studies on Chironomidae in 1974, when he was 58 years old, while 

vice director of the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES). In those days, nuisance 

chironomids were causing a big problem around Kasumigaura Lake, which is located near the Institute. 

When he began his studies, he visited Dr. M. Tokunaga, still alive at Kyoto, and was given charge of Dr. 

Tokunaga’s library. 

Dr. Sasa described 1,151 species of Chironomidae as new. Information on the types including the current 

names (as of November, 2007) are listed in the Appendix of YUSURIKA Supplement 2 (‘In Memory of 

Professor Dr. Manabu Sasa’) delivered by the Japanese Group for Chironomidae Studies in November, 

2007. If anyone wants to see the Appendix, the author could send it to him as a pdf file. 

After Dr. Sasa passed away in April, 

2006 at Kurobe, Toyama, the part of 

his library relevant to the 

Chironomidae and about fifty 

thousand slide specimens were 

entrusted to the author. His library of 

1,105 items was delivered to Dr. K. 

Hirabayashi of Shinshu University 

with the list in July, 2006. All slide 

mounted specimens of Chironomidae 

used by Dr. Sasa had been transferred 

to NIES from Kurobe in September, 

2000. After this, in February, 2003 

they were transferred to the annex of 

the National Museum of Nature and 

Science (NMNS), Shinjuku, Tokyo, 

as The Sasa Collection. The author 

had arranged the collection and 

compiled the database. In autumn, 

2004, he was asked to take photos of 

all the types by Dr. A. Shinohara of 

the Museum. The photos consisted of 

the type slides themselves, and 

microscope photos of the male 

hypopygium, wing, and so on. 

SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 

Screen shot of the Type Specimen Database 

The photo database opened recently on the homepage of NMNS http://www.type.kahaku.go.jp/TypeDB/ 

is based on these photos. If it is absolutely impossible to see the needed characters in the available 

photographs, a request can be made to Dr. A. Shinohara shinohar@kahaku.go.jp for loan of the types. 

22

Next International Chironomidae Symposium to be held in Trondheim, Norway 

The 18 th International Symposium on Chironomidae Research will be hosted by the Museum of Natural 

History and Archaeology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, Norway 

in 2011. We are very pleased that our bid to hold the next chironomid meeting was so well received by 

the recent symposium in Tianjin, and will do our best to make this a memorable event both scientifically 

and socially. 

The city of Trondheim as seen from the city forest 

Trondheim is situated in middle Norway (~ 63° N) and is Norway’s third largest city with almost 170 000 

inhabitants. It is home to one of the largest universities (approximately 18 000 students) and the oldest 

natural history collection in the country which can be dated back to the work of bishop Gunnerus (1718- 

1773). The Museum of Natural History and Archaeology was founded as the Royal Norwegian Society of 

Sciences and Letters as early as 1760. 

Nature research and management is strong in Trondheim, and institutions like the University, The 

Norwegian Institute of Nature Research, the Directorate of Nature Management and The Norwegian 

Biodiversity Information Centre contributes to a considerable focus on biodiversity in our region. 

Like most Norwegian cities, the city centre of Trondheim is close to nature. We hope that our meeting in 

Trondheim will give you the opportunity to experience some regional culture and wild life (don’t forget 

your net) and look forward to see you here. For more information on the city and its surroundings, please 

see www.trondheim.no and www.visit-trondheim.com. 

Torbjørn Ekrem, Elisabeth Stur & Kaare Aagaard 

23

A World Catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera). Part 1. Buchonomyiinae, 

Chilenomyiinae, Podonominae, Aphroteniinae, Tanypodinae, Usambaromyiinae, 

Diamesinae, Prodiamesinae and Telmatogetoninae 

Patrick Ashe 1 & James P. O'Connor 2 

1 33 Shelton Drive, Terenure, Dublin 12, Ireland, patrick.ashe@upcmail.ie 

2 National Museum of Ireland, Kildare Street, Dublin 2, Ireland 

Part 1 of A World Catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera) is expected to be published in December 2009. A 

quote from the publisher has now been received and the price for each copy has now been fixed at Euro 

42 to which the relevant amount of postage must be added. The number of pages will be approximately 

370-400 and the volume will weigh about 1.3 to 1.4 kg. It is possible therefore to estimate the postage 

cost (Airmail only) to anywhere in the world. The total cost of a copy plus postage and packing can be 

determined from the table given below. 

Ireland (incl. 

Northern Ireland) 

Britain Europe 

Rest of the 

World 

Postage Euro 8.00 Euro 13.00 Euro 13.00 Euro 18.00 

Catalogue part 1 Euro 42.00 Euro 42.00 Euro 42.00 Euro 42.00 

Total Euro 50.00 Euro 55.00 Euro 55.00 Euro 60.00 

The Catalogue is being published by The Irish Biogeographical Society in association with The National 

Museum of Ireland. 

Once the Catalogue is published and available for sale it will be announced on the website of The Irish 

Biogeographical Society: http://www.irishbiogeographicalsociety.com/ 

The Bank which handles The Irish Biogeographical Society account will be consulted to determine the 

easiest and cheapest method for receiving payment from abroad – this information will be included on the 

website when the Catalogue is published. Money received from the sale of Part 1 will be used to help pay 

some of the cost of Part 2. 

Anyone wishing to order a copy can contact the senior author, Dr Patrick Ashe, by e-mail: 

patrick.ashe@upcmail.ie 

24

New books 

Chironomidae larvae – Biology and Ecology of the Chironomini 

H.K.M. Moller Pillot is one of those leading chironomidologists in the Netherlands, if not the leading 

person, who have a long experience in taxonomy and ecology of chironomid larvae. His splendid 

identification keys have been published in the early 1980s, but exclusively in Dutch. Those keys were the 

basis of the development of chironomid research in the Netherlands. With the new series “Chironomidae 

Larvae of the Netherlands and Adjacent Lowlands”, published in English, his knowledge now becomes 

accessible for the international scientific world. The first book of the series, “Chironomidae larvae - 

General ecology and Tanypodinae”, written by H.J. Vallenduuk and H.K.M. Moller Pillot, was published 

in 2007. It was quite original as it includes, together with an ecological review, a lot of very new, 

unknown and practical characters making the identification of Tanypodid larvae much easier, sometimes 

already possible by the stereomicroscope alone (see review by Elisabeth Stur in <strong>Chironomus</strong> <strong>newsletter</strong> of 

Chironomidae research volume 20). 

The bulk of the second book in the series, “Chironomidae larvae – 

Biology and ecology of the Chironomini”, is mainly limited to 

larval autecology (Pseudochironomini are also included, i.e. 

Pseudochironomus prasinatus). It is a fundamental synthesis per 

species(-group) in a rather constant pattern of topics (as far as data 

are available): life cycle, microhabitat, feeding, swarming and 

oviposition, dispersal, densities, water type (current, dimensions, 

permanence, shade, …), pH, salinity, trophic conditions and 

saprobity, etc. When other specific environmental requirements are 

known, they are treated separately. Distribution in Europe is 

mainly based on Sæther & Spies (2004) to which specific data 

concerning the Netherlands are added. The book is limited to 

Dutch species; concerning their ecology, the situation in other 

countries is also taken into account, but the accent still remains on 

Central European lowland. The accounts are concise and they also 

include a lot of hidden literature and unpublished data; the work of 

Russian chironomidologists , e.g., is largely considered. 

The last chapter (p. 239-247) concerns four tables with biological 

and ecological properties of Chironomini in the Dutch situation: (1) general ecology of each species(group): 

number of generations, flying period, duration of larval development, diapausing instar stage, 

number of eggs, food and substrate of the larvae, (2) occurence in relation to saprobity and oxygen 

concentration, (3) in relation to pH and chlorinity, and (4) in relation to water velocity and permanence. 

Each variable in table 2-4 is subdivided into several classes (mostly five) and a score from 0 to 10 is 

given to the relative occurrence of each species (-group) in these classes. It is not clear how these 

occurrence scores have been calculated and what confidence may be given to them: the author must have 

had a lot of (unpublished) data at his disposal, both from himself and from his network, but the exact 

number for each species is not given. 

“Chironomidae larvae – Biology and ecology of the Chironomini” does not contain identification keys, 

but warnings concerning misidentifications and indications of correct diagnostic descriptions in literature 

are mentioned; a few drawings sometimes illustrate specific characters. In any case, these remarks are so 

welcome that the reader becomes anxious to have the revised keys already at his disposal; the publication 

of these keys is foreseen for the next volume in this series. 

One may regret that the book (and series) is mainly limited to species of the Netherlands and that even 

some aspects of their ecology only refer to Western European lowland conditions. Including data from 

other countries in the ecological tables of chapter 4 was not an option: (1) in different climatic conditions 

the species may react in another way, e.g. living in cool lakes in northern regions versus running waters in 

temperate regions, and (2) a dominance of Dutch data compared to other countries could be expected, 

which would distort our view on the ecology of the species at e.g. a European level. Moreover, the author 

is mainly involved in alpha-taxonomy, faunistics and environmental requirements of chironomid larvae in 

25

the Netherlands, the species with which he has been involved on a day-to-day basis. An extended edition 

including other European regions would have postponed, eventually cancelled this publication. 

These short words to stress the high value of this publication. It is a must for everybody involved with 

chironomids. The “high” price compared to the volume of this book may not be taken into consideration: 

the content of this book is important and a gain of time for all of us who work with European 

chironomids. 

Dr. Boudewijn Goddeeris, K.B.I.N., Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium. 

Book reference 

Moller-Pillot, H.K.M. 2009. Chironomidae larvae II – Biology and Ecology of the Chironomini, KNNV 

Publishing Zeist, The Netherlands, pp. 270. ISBN 978 90 5011 3038 

How to order 

Order from: KNNV Publishing, PO Box 310, 3700 AH Zeist, The Netherlands. Fax: +31 30 2368907. 

www.knnvuitgeverij.nl Email: info@knnvuitgeverij.nl. 

Price: 69,50 €, postage not included. 

26

CURRENT BIBLIOGRAPHY: 06 OCT. 2008 - 20 OCT. 2009 

Odwin Hoffrichter 

Institut für Biologie I, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hauptstr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany 

Email: odwin.hoffrichter@biologie.uni-freiburg.de 

In addition to supplements to the last two preceding years the publications of the present year are shown: 

almost one citation per day, which gives the average speed of publishing with regard to chironomids. The 

compilation was achieved, as usual, from many sources: databases, tables of contents of journals, 

references and citations of papers, inspection of many periodicals, lists and pdf's provided by authors 

(thanks to you!). In particular, publisher issued search alerts proved to be rich in results. As a rule, only 

printed titles are reported here with the occasional, but obviously increasing, exception of online-only 

journals (PLoS or BioMed Central journals, e.g.). Titles announced "in press", even with available DOI 

numbers, are not considered before printing. In general, online information should be retrieved elsewhere; 

best check the chironomid home page for eventual references regularly, or use individual websites with a 

host of chironomid-related data. Publications using chironomids as prey or food for animals are not 

treated comprehensively; in particular, studies with frozen midge larvae only for use to feed experimental 

animals are totally disregarded. 

Supplements to Current Bibliography 2007 

Anjos, A. F. 2007a. Influência das fases hídricas 

e tipos de substratos artificiais sobre larvas 

de Chironomidae no trecho superior do rio 

Paraná. - Diss., Univ. Estad. Maringá. 

Anonymus 2007a. Ernst Josef Fittkau turns 80. - 

Ecotropica 13: 80. 

Arimoro, F. O., Ikomi, R. B. and Efemuna, E. 

2007a. Macroinvertebrate community patterns 

and diversity in relation to water quality status 

of River Ase, Niger Delta, Nigeria. - J. Fish. 

aquat. Sci. 2: 337-344. 

Axford, Y. 2007a. Interglacial temperature 

variability in the high latitude North Atlantic 

region inferred from subfossil midges, Baffin 

Island (Arctic Canada) and Iceland. - Ph. D. 

Diss., Univ. Colo., Boulder. 

Chakrabarty, D. 2007a. Comparative utilization 

of phosphorus from sedimentary and igneous 

phosphate rock by major biotic components of 

aquatic ecosystem. - Int. J. envir. Sci. Technol. 

4: 43-48. 

Corrêa, M. O. D. A. 2007a. Estudo da fauna 

aquática associada à vegetação do mangue 

do Rio da Fazenda, Ubatuba (SP) através de 

experimentos de manipulação. - Diss., Univ. 

Estad. Paulista, Botucatu. v + 122 pp. 

Coulson, S. J. 2007a. Terrestrial and freshwater 

invertebrate fauna of the High Arctic 

archipelago of Svalbard. - Zootaxa 1448: 41- 

68. 

Fang, J.-F., Lei, X.-L., Cao, T.-H. and Zong, Z.- 

Sh. 2007a. (Influence of <strong>Chironomus</strong> dorsalis 

Meigen larva life by environment factor and 

27 

study of killing the larva) - JingShui Jishu (= 

Water Purific. Technol.) 26:1-3. 

Filippi, M.-A., Heiri, O., Arpenti, E., Angeli, N., 

Bortiolotti, M., Lotter, A. F. e van der Borg, 

K. (2005) 2007a. Studio paleolimnologico del 

Lago Nero di Cornisello (Parco Naturale 

Adamello-Brenta, Trentino). - Studi trent. Sci. 

nat., Acta geol. 82: 261-278. 

Filippi, M.-A., Heiri, O., Arpenti, E., Angeli, N., 

Bortiolotti, M., Lotter, A. F. e van der Borg, 

K. (2005) 2007b. Evoluzione paleoambientale 

dal Tardoglaciale a oggi ricostruita attraverso 

lo studio dei sedimenti del Lago di Lavarone 

(Altopiano di Folgaria e Lavarone, Trentino). 

- Studi trent. Sci. nat., Acta geol. 82: 279-298. 

Giłka, W., Kłonowska-Olejnik, M. and Godunko, 

R. J. 2007a. On the biology of Symbiocladius 

rhithrogenae (Zavřel, 1924) (Diptera: 

Chironomidae) from the Chornohora Mts., 

Ukraine. - Pol. J. Ent. 76: 285-291. 

Gritzalis, K. C., Karaouzas, I. and Skoulikidis, N. 

2007a. Assessing the ecological quality of 

running waters of Thrace region (NE Greece) 

by the use of macroinvertebrate indicators. - 

Fresenius envir. Bull. 15: 1182-1188. 

Guo, Y. H. and Wang, X. H. 2007a. Zavrelia 

bragremla [for: bragremia] sp. nov. from 

China (Diptera, Hironomidae [sic!], 

Tanytarsini). - Dong Wu Fen Lei Xue Bao (= 

Acta zootaxon. sin.) 32: 318-320. 

Guo, Y. H. and Wang, X. H. 2007b. 

Stempelinella depilisa sp. nov. from China 

(Diptera, Chironomidae, Tanytarsini). - Dong

Wu Fen Lei Xue Bao (= Acta zootaxon. sin.) 

32: 321-323. 

Guo, Y. H. and Wang, X. H. 2007c. (A new 

combination Cladotanytarsus gracilistylus 

(Chaudhuri & Datta, 1992) (Diptera: 

Chironomidae) from China.) - Kun Chong Fen 

Lei Xue Bao (= Entomotaxonomia) 29: 297- 

300. 

Heiri, O., Filippi, M.-L. and Lotter, A. F. (2005) 

2007a. Lateglacial summer temperature in the 

Trentino area (Northern Italy) as reconstructed 

by fossil chironomid assemblages in Lago di 

Lavarone (1100 m a.s.l.) - Studi trent. Sci. 

nat., Acta geol. 82: 299-308. 

Int Panis, L. 2007a. Genetische variatie in 

populaties van <strong>Chironomus</strong> nuditarsis Keyl 

(Diptera, Chironomidae); implicaties voor 

biodiversiteit. (Genetic variation in 

populations of <strong>Chironomus</strong> nuditarsis Keyl 

(Diptera, Chironomidae); implications for 

biodiversity.) - In: Congr. 

Watersysteemkennis 2006-2007, Aquatische 

Biodiversiteit. Water 2007/IMS/P/0089: 3 pp. 

Janke, H. and Trivinho-Strixino, S. 2007a. 

Colonization of leaf litter by aquatic 

macroinvertebrates: a study in a low order 

tropical stream. - Acta limnol. bras. 19: 109- 

115. 

Karaouzas, I., Gritzalis, K. C. and Skoulikidis, N. 

2007a. Land use effects on macroinvertebrate 

assemblages and stream quality along an 

agricultural river basin. - Fresenius envir. 

Bull. 16: 645-653. 

Kerckhof, F., Haelters, J. and Gollasch, S. 2007a. 

Alien species in the marine and brackish 

ecosystem: the situation in Belgian waters. - 

Aquat. Invasions 2: 243-257. 

Lei, P., Liu, L.-j., Zhang, J.-s. and Chen, Y.-q. 

2007a. (A study on microbiological control on 

chironomid pollution in city water supply) - 

Wei Sheng Wu Xue Tong Bao (= 

Microbiology) 34: 296-299. 

Lin, H.-b., Song, Zh.-hui and Wang, F.-f. 2007a. 

(Toxic effect of triphenyltin on <strong>Chironomus</strong> 

plumosus larve, Galba pervia and Tubifex 

tubifex) - Qingdao Keji Daxue Xuebao (= J. 

Qingdao Univ. Sci. Technol., nat. Sci. Edn) 

28: 386-389, 393. 

Liu, L.-j., Zhang, J.-s., Chen, Y.-q. and Zhou, L. 

2007a (Growth, reproduction regularity and 

prediction of chironomid midge in water 

supply system) - Gong Shui Ji Shu (= Water 

Technol.) 1, 2:10-13. 

28 

Michailova, P., Sella, G. and Petrova, N. 2007a. 

Effect of heavy metals on the genome of a 

model insect group (Diptera, Chironomidae). - 

In: Evolyutsiya i ekologiya 2007, Proc., pp. 

36-44. Sofia. 

Mo, W.-j. 2007a. (Discussion on inactivation 

methods of <strong>Chironomus</strong> larva in water 

treatment process) - Gongye Anquan Yu 

Huanbao (= Ind. Saf. envir. Protect.) 33(5): 

21-22. 

Moubayed-Breil, J. et Dia, A. (2006) 2007a. 

Espèces de Chironomes nouvelles pour la 

faune du Liban et du Proche-Orient [Diptera, 

Chironomidae]. - Ephemera 8: 101-107. 

Moubayed-Breil, J., Lounaci, A. and Lounaci- 

Daoudi, D. (2006) 2007a. Non-biting midges 

from Algeria, North Africa [Diptera, 


Murray, D. A. and Baars, J. R. 2007a. 

Parapsectra uliginosa Reiss, 1969 (Diptera, 

Chironomidae) new to Ireland and association 

of exuviae of Procladius Pe1 (sensu Langton) 

with P. simplicistilus Freeman, 1948. - 

Dipterists Dig. Sec. Ser. 13: 166-168. 

Niitsuma, H. 2007b. Rheopelopia and two new 

genera of Tanypodinae (Diptera, 

Chironomidae) from Japan. - Jap. J. syst. Ent. 

13: 99-116. 

Pan, J., Zhang, J.-s. and Sun, T.-h. 2007a. 

(Control of Chironomidae larvae in water 

treatment by Bacillus thuringiensis var. 

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Chandra, G. 2009a. Larvicidal activities of 

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quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). - 

Parasit. Res. 105: 1411-1417. 

Rehn, A. C. 2009a. Benthic macroinvertebrates as 

indicators of biological condition below 

hydropower dams on west slope Sierra 

Nevada streams, California, USA. - River Res. 

Applics 25: 208-228. 

Reinemann, S. A., Porinchu, D. F., Bloom, A. M., 

Mark, B. G. and Box, J. E. 2009a. A multiproxy 

paleolimnological reconstruction of 

Holocene climate conditions in the Great

Basin, United States. - Quatern. Res. 72: 347- 

358. 

Riley, W. D., Pawson, M. G., Quayle, V. and 

Ives, M. J. 2009a. The effects of stream 

canopy management on macroinvertebrate 

communities and juvenile salmonid 

production in a chalk stream. - Fish. Mgmt 

Ecol. 16: 100-111. 

Rodrigues, G. G., Langton, P. H. and Scharf, B. 

W. 2009a. The pupal exuviae of <strong>Chironomus</strong> 

crassimanus Strenzke (Diptera: 

Chironomidae), an acid-resistant species from 

Germany. - Zootaxa 2026: 47-52. 

Rolland, N., Larocque, I., Francus, P., Pienitz, R. 

and Laperrière, L. 2009a. Evidence for a 

warmer period during the 12th and 13th 

centuries AD from chironomid assemblages in 

Southampton Island, Nunavut, Canada. - 

Quatern. Res. 72: 27-37. 

Rolland, N., Porinchu, D. F. and Larocque, I. 

2009a. The use of high-resolution gridded 

climate data in the development of 

chironomid-based inference models from 

remote areas. - J. Paleolimnol. 41: 343-348. 

Rufer, M. M. and Ferrington Jr., L. C. 2009a. 

Sampling frequency required for chironomid 

community resolution in urban lakes with 

contrasting trophic states. - In: Hughes, S. J., 




Rundio, D. E. 2009a. Community-habitat 

relationships in coastal streams in Big Sur, 

California, USA: travertine influences 

macroinvertebrate abundance and community 

structure. - Hydrobiologia 620: 91-108. 

Sæther, O. A. 2009a. Telmatogeton murrayi sp. n. 

from Iceland and T. japonicus Tokunaga from 

Madeira (Diptera: Chironomidae). - Aquat. 

Insects 31: 31-44. 

Sæther, O. A. 2009b. Cryptochironomus Kieffer 

from Lake Winnipeg, Canada, with a review 

of Nearctic species (Diptera: Chironomidae). - 

Zootaxa 2208: 1-24. 

Sánchez-Argüello, P., Fernández, C. and 

Tarazona, J. V. 2009a. Assessing the effects 

of fluoxetine on Physa acuta (Gastropoda, 

Pulmonata) and <strong>Chironomus</strong> riparius (Insecta, 

Diptera) using a two-species water-sediment 

test. - Sci. tot. Envir. 407: 1937-1946. 

Sandin, L. 2009a. The effects of catchment landuse, 

near-stream vegetation, and river 

hydromorphology on benthic 

54 

macroinvertebrate communities in a south- 

Swedish catchment. - Fundam. appl. Limnol. 

174: 75-87. 

Schabetsberger, R., Luger, M. S., Drozdowski, G. 

and Jagsch, A. 2009a. Only the small survive: 

monitoring long-term changes in the 

zooplankton community of an Alpine lake 

after fish introduction. - Biol. Invasions 11: 

1335-1345. 

Schlief, J. and Mutz, M. 2009a. Effect of sudden 

flow reduction on the decomposition of alder 

leaves (Alnus glutinosa [L.] Gaertn.) in a 

temperate lowland stream: a mesocosm study. 

- Hydrobiologia 624: 205-217. 

Schmidl, J., Sulzer, P. and Kitching, R. L. 2009a. 

The insect assemblage in water filled treeholes 

in a European temperate deciduous 

forest: community composition reflects 

structural, trophic and physicochemical 

factors. - Hydrobiologia 598: 285-303. 

Schuler, L. J., Landrum, P. F., Harwood, A. D., 

Tripp, E. M. and Lydy, M. J. 2009a. Joint 

toxicity of fluoranthene and 

pentachlorobenzene to Hyalella azteca and 

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403. 

Scott, J. J., Renaut, R. W., Buatois, L. A. and 

Owen, R. B. 2009a. Biogenic structures in 

exhumed surfaces around saline lakes: An 

example from Lake Bogoria, Kenya Rift 

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Palaeoecol. 272: 176-198. 

Sealock, A. W. and Ferrington Jr., L. C. 2009a. 

Sampling efficiency of Chironomidae 

(Diptera) across disturbance gradients. - In: 




13: 85-92. 

Sergeeva, I. V. and Anikina, M. A. 2009a. 

(Midges of the subfamily Tanypodinae 

(Diptera, Chironomidae) of Russia: Tribes 

Coelotanypodini Kieffer, 1913 and 

Tanypodini Meigen, 1803.) - Ent. Oboz. 88: 

177-184. [also published as: Ent. Rev. 89: 

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Sherk, T. and Rau, G. H. 2009a. Emergence of 

Ablabesmyia monilis (Diptera: Chironomidae) 

from Findley Lake during warm and cold 

years. - In: Hughes, S. J., Khadem, M. and 



Funchal (Hist. nat.), Suppl. 13: 199-205.

Silver, P., Rupprecht, S. M. and Stauffer, M. F. 

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deicing salt on chironomid larvae. - Wetlands 

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Skoulikidis, N. T., Karaouzas, I. and Gritzalis, K. 

C. 2009a. Identifying key environmental 

variables structuring benthic fauna for 

establishing a biotic typology for Greek 

running waters. - Limnologica 39: 565-66. 

Smith, B. J., Davies, P. E. and Munks, S. A. 

2009a. Changes in benthic macroinvertebrate 

communities in upper catchment streams 

across a gradient of catchment forest 

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2166-2174. 

Sommer, B. and Horwitz, P. 2009a. 

Macroinvertebrate cycles of decline and 

recovery in Swan Coastal Plain (Western 

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acidification. - Hydrobiologia 624: 

191-203. 

Sonoda, K. C., Matthaei, C. D. and Trivinho- 

Strixino, S. 2009a. Contrasting land uses 

affect Chironomidae communities in two 

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Stubbington, R., Greenwood, A. M., Wood, P. J., 

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temporary headwater stream invertebrate 

communities to hydrological extremes. - 


Sun, X.-B., Wang, S.-T. and Cui, F.-Y. 2009a. 

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55 

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(DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) in two 

different rivers. - In: Hughes, S. J., Khadem, 




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and oligochaetes within a stony-bottomed 

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Takamura, N., Ito, T., Ueno, R., Ohtaka, A., 

Wakana, I., Nakagawa, M., Ueno, Y. and 

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Tanikawa, T., Inoue, E. and Hirabayashi, K. 

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Taşdemir, A., Ustaoğlu, M. R. ve Balık, S. 2009a. 

Gediz Deltası (Menemen-İzmir) 

Chironomidae (Diptera) Faunası'na Katkılar. 

(Contributions to the knowledge of 

Chironomidae (Diptera) fauna of the Gediz 

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Tejerina, E. G. and Paggi, A. C. 2009a. A new 

Neotropical species of Oliveiriella 

Wiedenbrug & Fittkau (Diptera: 

Chironomidae) from Argentina, with 

description of all its life stages. - Aquat. 

Insects 31: 91-98. 

Tellioglu, A. and Kara, T. 2009a. Seasonal 

abundance of Chironomidae larvae (Diptera) 

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Timms, B. V. 2009a. A study of the salt lakes and 

salt springs of Eyre Peninsula, South 

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Tixier, G., Wilson, K. P. and Williams, D. D. 

2009a. Exploration of the influence of global 

warming on the chironomid community in a 

manipulated shallow groundwater system. - 


Tóth, M., Móra, A., Kiss, B. and Dévai, Gy. 

2009a. Chironomid communities in different 

vegetation types in a backwater Nagy-morotva 

of the active floodplain of River Tisza, 

Hungary - In: Hughes, S. J., Khadem, M. and 




Townsend, K. R., Pettigrove, V. J., Carew, M. E. 

and Hoffmann, A. A. 2009a. The effects of 

sediment quality on benthic 

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Travina, T. N. i Vvedenskaya, T. L. 2009a. Rol' 

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Bolshaya. (Chironomids (Diptera, 

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Trigal, C., García-Criado, F. and Fernández- 

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for ecological assessment of Mediterranean 

flatland ponds: the use of macroinvertebrates 

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123. 

Trivinho-Strixino, S. and Strixino, G. 2009a. A 

new species of Pelomus Reiss, 1989 

(DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) from 

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immature stages. - In: Hughes, S. J., Khadem, 



Funchal (Hist. nat.), Suppl. 13: 217-225. 

Tullos, D. D., Penrose, D. L., Jennings, G. D. and 

Cope, W. G. 2009a. Analysis of functional 

traits in reconfigured channels: implications 

for the bioassessment and disturbance of river 

restoration. - J. N. Am. benthol. Soc. 28: 80- 

92. 

Tyagi, A., Ryme, J., Brodin, D., Östlund Farrants, 

A. K. and Visa, N. 2009a. SWI/SNF 

associates with nascent pre-mRNPs and 

regulates alternative pre-mRNA processing. - 

PLoS Genet. 5, 5, e1000470: 15 pp. 

Utz, R. M., Hilderbrand, R. H. and Boward, D. 

M. 2009a. Identifying regional differences in 

threshold responses of aquatic invertebrates to 

56 

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556-567. 

Uzarski, D. G., Burton, T. M., Kolar, R. E. and 

Cooper, M. J. 2009a. The ecological impacts 

of fragmentation and vegetation removal in 

Lake Huron's coastal wetlands. - Aquat. 


Vallenduuk, H. 2009a. Larvae of the 

Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae): New 

(neglected) characters and the making of a 

new key. - Proc. Neth. ent. Soc. Meet. 20: 55- 

66. 

Varadinova, E., Pehlivanov, L., Moskova, G. and 

Uzunov, Y. 2009a. Development and actual 

state of the macrozoobenthic fauna in the 

Srebarna Biosphere Reserve (north-east 

Bulgaria). - C. r. Acad. Bulg. Sci. 62: 243-248. 

Vedamanikam, V. J. 2009a. Formation of 

resistance in the <strong>Chironomus</strong> plumosus to four 

pesticides over 45 generations. - Toxic. envir. 

Chem. 91: 187-194. 

Vedamanikam, V. J. and Shazili, N. A. M. 2009a. 

Observations of mouthpart deformities in the 

<strong>Chironomus</strong> larvae exposed to different 

concentrations of nine heavy metals. - Toxic. 

envir. Chem. 91: 57-63. 

Vedamanikam, V. J. and Shazili, N. A. M. 2009b. 

Comparative toxicity of nine metals to two 

Malaysian aquatic dipterian larvae with 

reference to sediment composition. - Toxic. 

envir. Chem. 91: 129-136. 

Vedamanikam, V. J. and Shazili, N. A. M. 2009c. 

The chironomid larval tube, a mechanism to 

protect the organism from environmental 

disturbances? - Toxic. envir. Chem. 91: 171- 

176. 

Vink, J. P. M. 2009a. The origin of speciation: 

Trace metal kinetics over natural 

water/sediment interfaces and the 

consequences for bioaccumulation. - Envir. 

Pollut. 157: 519-527. 

Vinogradova, E. M., Riss, H. W. and Spies, M. 

2009a. New species of Tanytarsus van der 

Wulp, 1874 (Diptera: Chironomidae) from 

Central America. - Aquat. Insects 31: 11-17. 

Virtanen, R., Ilmonen, J., Paasivirta, L. and 

Muotka, T. 2009a. Community concordance 

between bryophyte and insect assemblages in 

boreal springs: a broad-scale study in isolated 

habitats. - Freshwat. Biol. 54: 1651-1662.

Vonesh, J. R. and Kraus, J. M. 2009a. Pesticide 

alters habitat selection and aquatic community 

composition. - Oecologia 160: 379-385. 

Vonesh, J. R., Kraus, J. M., Rosenberg, J. S. and 

Chase, J. M. 2009a. Predator effects on 

aquatic community assembly: disentangling 

the roles of habitat selection and postcolonization 

processes. - Oikos 118: 1219- 

1229. 

Wang, Y. V., O'Brien, D. M., Jenson, J., Francis, 

D. and Wooller, M. J. 2009a. The influence of 

diet and water on the stable oxygen and 

hydrogen isotope composition of 

Chironomidae (Diptera) with paleoecological 

implications. - Oecologia 160: 225-233. 

Weston, D. P., Lentz, R. D., Cahn, M. D., Ogle, 

R. S., Rothert, A. K. and Lydy, M. J. 2009a. 

Toxicity of anionic polyacrylamide 

formulations when used for erosion control in 

agriculture. - J. envir. Qual. 38: 238-247. 

Wiedenbrug, S. and Trivinho-Strixino, S. 2009a. 

Ubatubaneura, a new genus of the 

Corynoneura group (Diptera: Chironomidae: 

Orthocladiinae) from the Brazilian Atlantic 

Forest. - Zootaxa 1993: 41-52. 

Wiedenbrug, S., Mendes, H. F., Pepinelli, M. and 

Trivinho-Strixino, S. 2009a. Review of the 

genus Onconeura Andersen et Sæther 

(Diptera: Chironomidae), with the description 

of four new species from Brazil. - Zootaxa 

2265: 1-26. 

Wijngaarden, R. P. A. van, Barber, I. and Brock, 

T. C. M. 2009a. Effects of pyrethroid 

insecticide gamma-cyhalothrin on aquatic 

invertebrates in laboratory and outdoor 

microcosm tests. - Ecotoxicology 18: 211-224. 

Williams, M., Cook, E., van der Kaars, S., 

Barrows, T., Shulmeister, J. and Kershaw, P. 

2009a. Glacial and deglacial climatic patterns 

in Australia and surrounding regions from 35 

000 to 10 000 years ago reconstructed from 

terrestrial and near-shore proxy data. - 

Quatern. Sci. Rev. 28: 2398-2419. 

Wissinger, S. A., Greig, H. and McIntosh, A. 

2009a. Absence of species replacements 

between permanent and temporary lentic 

communities in New Zealand. - J. N. Am. 

benthol. Soc. 28: 12-23. 

Wright, I. A. and Burgin, S. 2009a. Effects of 

organic and heavy metal pollution on 

chironomids within a pristine upland 

catchment. - Hydrobiologia 635: 15-25. 

57 

Wuelker, W., Martin, J., Kiknadze, I. I., Sublette, 

J. E. and Michiels, S. 2009a. <strong>Chironomus</strong> 

blaylocki sp. n. and C. bifurcatus sp. n., North 

American species near the base of the 

decorus-group (Diptera: Chironomidae). - 

Zootaxa 2023: 28-46. 

Yang, Y., Hunter, W., Tao, S. and Gan, J. 2009a. 

Effects of black carbon on pyrethroid 

availability in sediment. - J. agric. Food 

Chem. 57: 232-238. 

Yasué, M. and Dearden, P. 2009a. The 

importance of supratidal habitats for wintering 

shorebirds and the potential impacts of shrimp 

aquaculture. - Envir. Mgmt 43: 1108-1121. 

Yavorskaya, N. M. i Makarchenko, M. A. 2009a. 

Pervye svedeniya po faune khironomid 

(Diptera, Chironomidae) 

Bol'shekhekhtsirskogo gosudarstvennogo 

prirodnogo zapovednika (Khabarovskii krai). 

(First data on the chironomid fauna (Diptera, 

Chironomidae) of the Bolshekhekhtsirski 

nature Reserve (Khabarovsk Territory).) - 


1: 93-96. 

Yoshimi, T., Odagiri, K., Hiroshige, Y., 

Yokobori, S.-i., Takahashi, Y., Sugaya, Y. and 

Miura, T. 2009a. Induction profile of HSP70cognate 

genes by environmental pollutants in 

Chironomidae. - Envir. Toxic. Pharmac. 28: 

294-301. 

Zelentsov, N. I. 2009a. Fauna khironomid 

(Dipterra, Chironomidae) Khibinskikh ozer 

Kol'skogo poluostrova. (The chironomid 

fauna (Diptera, Chironomidae) of the 

Khibiny's lakes of Kola Pensinsula.) - 


1: 89-92. 

Zinchenko, T. D., Makarchenko, M. A. i 

Makarchenko, E. A. 2009a. Novyi vid roda 

Cricotopus van der Wulp (Diptera, 

Chironomidae) iz solenoi reki basseina ozera 

El'ton (Volgogradskaya oblast', Rossiya). (A 

new species of Cricotopus van der Wulp 

(Diptera, Chironomidae) from a saline river of 

the El'ton Lake basin (Volgograd Region, 

Russia). - Evraziat. ent. Zh. (= Euroas. ent. J.) 

8, Suppl. 1: 83-88. 

Zorina, O. V. 2009a. Synendotendipes 

shanduyensis sp. n. (Diptera, Chironomidae, 

Chironominae) from elevated lakes of 

Sikhote-Alin' Biosphere Nature Reserve. - 


1: 78-82.

Zorina, O. V. i Zinchenko, T. D. 2009a. Novyi 

vid roda Tanytarsus van der Wulp(Diptera, 

Chironomidae) iz solenoi reki basseina reki 

El'ton (Volgogradskaya oblast', Rossiya). (A 

new species of Tanytarsus van der Wulp 

(Diptera, Chironomidae) from a saline river of 

the El'ton Lake basin (Volgograd Region, 

Russia). - Evraziat. ent. Zh. (= Euroas. ent. J.) 

8, Suppl. 1: 105-110. 

Abstracts from the XVIIth International 

Symposium on Chironomidae in Nankai 

University, Tianjin, China, 2009 (sequence in 

abstracts book, Wang, X.-H., ed.)) 

A. Oral presentations: 

Martin, J. 2009a. From bands to base pairs: 

Problems in the identification of <strong>Chironomus</strong> 

species, using the example of <strong>Chironomus</strong> 

oppositus Walker. - 11. 

Al-Shami, S. A., Che Salmahi, M. R., Siti Azizah, 

M. N. and.Abu Hassan, A 2009b. Distribution 

of Chironomidae (Diptera) under the influence 

of several environmental parameters in 

polluted rivers of Juru River Basin, Penang, 

Malaysia. - 12. 

Anderson, A. M., Bouchard, R. W. and 

Ferrington, L. C. 2009a. Hibernal emergence 

of Chironomidae in relation to stream size in 

Kansas. - 13. 

Ashe, P. and O’Connor, J. P. 2009a. Part 1 of a 

world catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera). - 

14. 

Brabec, K., Jarkovsky, J. and Kubosova, K. 

2009a. Occurrence and co-occurrence of 

stream chironomids: associations with 

environmental gradients and community 

characteristics. - 15. 

Chon, T., Tang, H., Qu, X., Bae, M., Song, M. 

and Park, Y. 2009a. Community structure and 

species abundance distribution in chironomids 

collected in streams in different pollution 

levels. - 16. 

Ebrahimnezhad, M. and Allahbakhshi, E. 2009a. 

Chironomidae (Diptera) genera from 

Golpayegan River, Iran. - 17. 

Ekrem, T., Willassen, E. and Stur, E. 2009a. 

Molecular phylogeny of Micropsectra and 

allies: indications of new generic synonyms 

(Diptera: Chironomidae): - 18-19. 

Ermolaeva, O. 2009b. Comparative karyological 

analysis of the subfamily Diamesinae 

(Diptera, Chironomidae). - 20. 

58 

Ferrington Jr., L. C., Westrick, M. and Karns, B. 

2009a. Alpha, beta and gamma diversities of 

Chironomidae emergence from 20 spring-runs 

in the Saint Croix River basin, Minnesota. - 

21-22. 

Golygina, V. V., Istomina, A. G. and Kiknadze, I. 

I. 2009a. Interspecific hybridization between 

sibling species of <strong>Chironomus</strong> plumosus 

group (Diptera: Chironomidae). - 23-24. 

Gresens, S. E. 2009a. Response of Chironomidae 

to multiple gradients of urban impact. - 25. 

Gunderina, L. I. and Katokhin, A. V. 2009a. 

Variation and divergence of rDNA ITS-1 

region in species of genus <strong>Chironomus</strong> 

(Diptera: Chironomidae). - 26-27. 

Inoue, E., Tsukada, M. and Hirabayashi, K. 

2009a. Structural analyses of silk and nesting 

tubes of chironomid larvae (Diptera). - 28. 

Kiknadze, I. and Istomina, A. 2009a. 

Karyological study of <strong>Chironomus</strong> species 

from the Netherlands. - 29-30. 

Kaga, K., Kasuya, S., Kobayashi, T. and Ohtaka, 

A. 2009a. Identification of chironomid species 

by DNA sequence - especially genus 

Hydrobaenus including H. sp. Tsugaru. - 31. 

Kobayashi, T., Ohtaka, A., Kasuya, S. and Kaga, 

K. 2009a. Hydrobaenus sp. Tsugaru with 

extremely short male antennae from Tsugaru 

Peninsula, northern Japan (Diptera: 

Chironomidae). - 32-33. 

Langton, P. H. 2009a. Pupal exuviae structure 

further elaborated. - 34. 

Lencioni, V., Marziali, L. and Rossaro, B. 2009b. 

Diversity and distribution of chironomids in 

natural and impacted springs in the Italian 

Prealps and Alps. - 35. 

Liu, Y., Ji, C. and Chon, T. 2009a. Automatic 

detection of response behaviors of 

<strong>Chironomus</strong> riparius after exposure to toxic 

chemicals by using computational methods. - 

36. 


2009e. Fauna and taxonomy of the 

Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the 

Russian Far East. - 37. 

Marziali, L., Rossaro, B. and Buffagni, A. 2009a. 

Temporal and spatial variability of 

chironomid assemblages in a large lowland 

river (Po River, Northern Italy). - 38-39. 

Rossaro, B., Marziali, L., Boggero, A. and 

Lencioni, V. 2009a. Benthic

macroinvertebrates (Chironomidae, 

Oligochaeta) in Italian lakes. - 40-41. 

McBean, J. E. 2009a. Microtendipes Kieffer 

prohumeral reversed setae – gratis mutation or 

functional asset? - 42. 

McBean, S. F. 2009a. Questioning feeding related 

factors in niche separation in chironomid 

larvae, in particular mentum profile of 

Orthocladiinae and Chironominae. - 43. 

Nath, B. B. and Babrekar, A. A. 2009a. 

Implications of hypoxic stress in <strong>Chironomus</strong> 

ramosus larvae with reference to iron. - 44. 

Przhiboro, A. and Sæther, O. A. 2009a. Littoral 

chironomid communities of two small lakes in 

Northern Karelia (Russia) studied by 

emergence traps: species composition and 

changes over a 30-years period. - 45-46. 

Stur, E. and Ekrem, T. 2009a. Exploring 

unknown life stages of Arctic Chironomidae 

(Diptera) with DNA barcoding. - 47. 

Yamamoto, M. and Yamamoto, N. 2009a. A 

review of Yaeprimus isigaabeus Sasa & 

Susuki, 2000 (Diptera: Chironomidae). - 48. 

Yamamoto, N., Hirowatari, T. and and 

Yamamoto, M. 2009a.The subgenus 

Pentapedilum of the genus Polypedilum 

(Diptera: Chironomidae) in Iriomote Island, 

the Ryukyus, Japan. - 49. 

B. Poster presentations: 

Ali, A., Leckel Jr., R. J. and Duxbury, C. V. 

2009a. Chironomidae investigations in 

selected Florida wetlands . - 51-52. 

Andersen, T., Mendes, H. F., Pinho, L. C., Roque, 

F. O. and Spies, M. 2009a. An updated checklist 

of Brazilian Chironomidae (Diptera). - 

53-54. 

Ashe, P. 2009a. A bibliography, with dates of 

publication, of J. J. Kieffer's publications on 

Chironomidae (Diptera). - 55. 

Caldwell, B. A. 2009b. A novel pupa of 

Pseudorthocladius Goetghebuer, new 

Nearctic record for Doithrix villosa Sæther & 

Sublette, and variation in Doithrix dillonae 

Cranston & Oliver (Diptera: Chironomidae). - 

56. 

Cheng, M. and Wang, X. 2009b. .Ablabesmyia 

Johannsen (Diptera: Chironomidae: 

Tanypodinae) from China. - 57. 

Przhiboro, A., Ekrem, T. and Stur, E. 2009a. 

Bionomics and taxonomy of Tanytarsus 

recurvatus Brundin, 1947. - 58. 

59 

Ermolaeva, O. 2009c. Comparative karyological 

analysis of the subfamily Prodiamesinae 

(Diptera, Chironomidae). - 59. 

Fu, Y., Andersen, T. and Mendes, H. F. 2009a. 

Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from 

Patagonia (Diptera: Chironomidae: 

Orthocladiinae). - 60. 

Fu. Z., Inoue, E., K. Yoshizawa, K., Yoshida, N., 

Kazama, F. and K.Hirabayashi, K. 2009a. 

Horizontal distribution of chironomid larvae 

(Diptera) in Lake Saiko, Japan. - 61. 

Grzybkowska, M. and Głowacki, Ł. 2009a. 

Chironomidae (Diptera) diversity in lowland 

rivers of different orders in central Poland. - 

62. 

Hirabayashi, K., Yoshizawa, K., Oga, K., 

Yoshida, N., Ariizumi, K. and Azama, F. K. 

2009a. Population dynamics of benthic 

macroinvertebrates in a eutrophic-mesotrophic 

lake, Lake Kawaguchi, Japan. - 63-64. 

Hu, Y. 2009a. A case study for effects of bt rice 

on non-biting midges in paddy field. - 65. 

Ikutama, E., Inoue, E. and Hirabayashi, K. 2009a. 

Density dynamics of chironomid larvae 

(Diptera) in the middle reaches of the Shinano 

River, Japan: the response to floods. - 66. 

Kawai, K., Okamoto, H. and Imabayashi, H. 

2009a. A fundamental study on range 

expansion of chironomids. - 67. 

Lencioni, V. and Rossaro, B. 2009a. Chironomids 

of springs, rivers and lakes in five provinces 

and in the Beijing Municipality of the 

People’s Republic of China. - 68. 

Bernabò, P., Caputi, L., Frassanito, R., Guella, 

G., Jousson, O. and Lencioni, V. 2009a. Cold 

resistance in Pseudodiamesa branickii 

(Nowicki): physiological, molecular and 

biochemical aspects. - 69. 

Majumdar, U. 2009a. Indian species of 

Glyptotendipes Kieffer (Diptera: 

Chironomidae) with a short account of some 

aspects of biology. - 70. 

Makarchenko, E. A. 2009a. Pseudodiamesa 

nivosa (Goetghebuer, 1928) is not synonym of 

Pseudodiamesa arctica (Malloch, 1919) 

(Diptera: Chironomidae). - 71. 

Marziali, L., Rossaro, B. and Lencioni, V. 2009a. 

Chironomid drift behavior (Insecta, Diptera) 

in an arctic stream (Svalbard Islands) under 

natural and induced light conditions. - 72-73.

Wiedenbrug, S., Mendes, H. F. and Trivinho- 

Strixino, S. 2009a. New species of the genus 

Onconeura Andersen & Sæther, 2005 

(Diptera, Chironomidae) from Brazil. - 74. 

Móra, A. 2009a. The diversity of chironomid 

assemblages of streams in Lake Balaton’s 

catchment area. - 75. 

Pinho, L. C. de and Froehlich, C. G. 2009a. Three 

new Neotropical species of Fissimentum 

Cranston et Nolte, 1996 (Diptera: 

Chironomidae: Chironominae). - 76. 

Plank, A. 2009a. Chip – chironomid identification 

program: build your own determination key. - 

77-78. 

Raposeiro, P., Costa, A. C. and Hughes, S. J. 

2009a. Preliminary results of the use of 

chironomid pupal exuviae technique in 

oceanic islands: Azores Archipelago. - 79-80. 

Sergeeva, I. V. 2009a. Fauna and ecology of the 

Russia Tanypodinae (Diptera, Chironomidae). 

- 81. 

Shimodoi, T., Kawai, K. and Imabayashi, H. 

2009a. Fundamental study of fish 

effectiveness to control chironomid mass 

emergence. - 82. 

Sonoda, K. C., Ortega, E., Vettorazzi, C. A. and 

Trivinho-Strixino, S. 2009a. Chironomidae 

assemblage from four Brazilian watersheds 

under different anthropogenic pressure. - 83- 

84. 

Tóth, M., Kőműves, M. and Dévai, G. 2009a. 

Spatio-temporal distribution of phytaldwelling 

chironomid assemblages (Diptera: 

Chironomidae) in submerged vegetation of 

two Hungarian backwaters. - 85. 

Watanabe, T., Kawai, K. and Imabayashi, H. 

2009a. A fundamental study to control adult 

chironomid midges by using the light traps. - 

86. 

Yan, C. and Wang, X. 2009a. A taxonomic 

discussion on a valid species of Harnischia 

longispuria Wang & Zheng, 1993 (Diptera: 

Chironomidae). - 87. 

Zinchenko, T. D. and Golovatyuk, L. V. 2009a. 

Responds of the river chironomid 

communities (inflows of the hypersaline lake 

Elton, the Low Volga, south of Russia) to 

high mineralization. - 88-89. 

60 

C. Abstracts of Non-attending Colleagues 

(Note: Several authors of contributions in 

paragraphs A and B did not attend the meeting 

either) 

Chavan, R. J. 2009a. Diversity of chironomids 

(Diptera) in urban lakes at Aurangabad, India. 

- 91. 

Jacobsen, R. E. 2009b. Tanytarsus rexilius, new 

species, from oligotrophic marshes in the 

Florida Everglades. - 92. 

Мorozova, Y. Y. 2009a. Ecologicallymorphological 

analysis of Cryptochironomus 

Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) species of 

the Volga River. - 93. 

Zhang, E. 2009a. Fossil midges (Diptera: 

Chironomidae) as paleoecological indicators 

in Chinese lakes. - 94.

Chironomus newsletter on Chironomidae research 22

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