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Protozoa
- 1. General Characteristics of Protozoa Dr. Rachana Choudhary Asst. Prof. Department of Microbiology Shri Shankaracharya Mahavidyalaya Junwani, Bhilai
- 2. INTRODUCTION The word protozoa is come from Greek protozoon word meaning “FirstAnimal”. The word “protozoa” first coined by GEORG AUGUST GOLDFUSS in 1818. Protozoa are unicellular (may be Multicellular) Eukaryotic microorganism. It constitute a large group of about 65,000 species. Most of which are harmless free living and inhabits water and soil.
- 3. CHARACTERISTICS Mostly Unicellular organism with fully functional cell Aquatic , free -living, may be parasitic or symbiotic. They are heterotrophic organisms and they do not have chlorophyll. They are motile have locomotive organelles.E.g. Flagella and Cilia for movement eg: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena.
- 4. MORPHOLOGY (SIZE) The size of Protozoa is range between 3 to 300 micrometer. Few ciliate and Amoeba are larger enough to be seen with naked eyes (they are about 4 to 5mm). Except Sporozoates, all types of protozoa are motile either through Flagella, cilia orPseudopodia Have Eyespot that can detect change inlight. Respond to light & learn by trial & error
- 5. MORPHOLOGY Protozoa are Eukaryotic resemble to animal cell, contain major cell organelles (including Nucleus, Mitochondria) Their organelles are highly specialized for feeding, reproduction and movement The cytoplasm of protozoa are divided into an outer layer called Ectoplasm and an inner layer called Endoplasm
- 6. Morphology Ectoplasm helps in movement, feeding and Protection Endoplasm houses Nucleus, mitochondria and food Some protozoa have special appendages Flagella and cilia that helps in theirmovements Freshwater protozoa have contractile vacuolesto pump out excesswater Their shape may remain constant (specially in Ciliates) or change constantly (as seen inAmoeba)
- 7. NUTRITION Mostly protozoa feed on dead plants and animal debris while some (trophozoites) feed on bacteria andAlgae. Parasitic Protozoa feeds on the fluids and tissues of their host(e.g. Plasma and blood cells) Some Protozoa live in symbiotic relationship with other plants andanimals
- 8. Classification of Protozoa Protozoa are classified on the basis of their motility and method of reproduction They are classified into Four maintypes Flagellates Ciliates Sarcodina Sporozoa
- 9. Flagellates • It is characterised by one or more flagella Free living or parasite. Body covered with cellulose, chitin or silica. Sexual reproduction occurs by longitudinal fission. Examples: Trypnosoma.
- 10. Ciliates Complex freshwater or saltwater protozoan. It swims by the coordinated beating of their cilia. Nuclei is of two types: micronucleus & macronucleus. Body is covered by pellicle. Examples: Paramecium, Voricella.
- 11. Sarcodina These are amoeboid organisms that produce false pseudopodia. It preys on fungi , other protists and small invertebrates. Reporduction by means of sexual and asexual. Mostly free living, some are parasitic. Examples:Amoeba , Entamoeba.
- 12. Sporozoa Commonly parasitic on vertebrate animals. Locomotory organ and contractile vacuoles are absent. Body covered with pellicle. Exclusively endoparasites. Reproduction by means of asexual and sexual. Examples: Plasmodium, Monocystis.
- 13. REPRODUCTION Reproduction occurs by both sexual and asexual reproduction. Asexual - usually by binary fission. Sexual - happens by Conjugation . NUCLEUS - Nucleus may be compact with diffuse chromatin or vesicular with central or eccentric karyosome (DNA) and peripheral chromatin (RNA). RESPIRATION–respiration is mostly anaerobic.
- 14. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF PROTOZOA Protozoans are classified into two types based on their activities. Harmful protozoa Beneficial protozoa
- 15. BENEFICIAL PROTOZOA 1. Food - Protozoa provide food for insect larvae and worms, which are taken by fishes and crabs and which are eated by man. 2. Insect control - Several protozoa control harmful insects by persisting their bodies. 3. Helpful in Sanitation - A large number of protozoa living in polluted water feed upon organic matters and thus purify it.
- 16. 4.Oil exploration - Petroleum is organic origin.The skeletal deposit of Forminifera and Radiolaria are often found in association with oil deposits.In this means, they help in the exact location of oil. 5. Scientific study - Many protozoa are used in biological and medical researches.
- 17. HARMFUL PROTOZOA 1. Pollution of water - Drinking water in natural condition is made unpalatable by the reproduction of some free living protozoa in it. 2. Destruction of wooden articles - Some flagellater like Trichonympha & Colonympha live in the gut of termites and help in cellular digestion. 3. Reduction in Fertility of soil - Protozoans feed on nitrogen fixing bacteria thus reduce the fertility ofsoil.
- 18. Conclusion Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes (organisms whose cells have nuclei) that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy.
- 19. References • General Microbiology by R.P. Singh • Microbiology by Dubey & Maheshwari • Google search • SlideShare
- 20. Thank you