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Cryptococcus spp. and Cryptococcosis: focusing on the infection in Brazil

  • Clinical Microbiology - Review
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Abstract

Cryptococcosis is a global fungal infection caused by the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii yeast complex. This infection is acquired by inhalation of propagules such as basidiospores or dry yeast, initially causing lung infections with the possibility of progressing to the meninges. This infection mainly affects immunocompromised HIV and transplant patients; however, immunocompetent patients can also be affected. This review proposes to evaluate cryptococcosis focusing on studies of this mycosis in Brazilian territory; moreover, recent advances in the understanding of its virulence mechanism, animal models in research are also assessed. For this, literature review as realized in PubMed, Scielo, and Brazilian legislation. In Brazil, cryptococcosis has been identified as one of the most lethal fungal infections among HIV patients and C. neoformans VNI and C. gattii VGII are the most prevalent genotypes. Moreover, different clinical settings published in Brazil were described. As in other countries, cryptococcosis is difficult to treat due to a limited therapeutic arsenal, which is highly toxic and costly. The presence of a polysaccharide capsule, thermo-tolerance, production of melanin, biofilm formation, mechanisms for iron use, and morphological alterations is an important virulence mechanism of these yeasts. The introduction of cryptococcosis as a compulsory notification disease could improve data regarding incidence and help in the management of these infections.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12245-000, Brazil

    Fabíolla Nacimento do Carmo, Juliana de Camargo Fenley, Maíra Terra Garcia, Rodnei Dennis Rossoni, Juliana Campos Junqueira, Patrícia Pimentel de Barros & Liliana Scorzoni

  2. Multicampi School of Medical Science, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte (UFRN), Rua Coronel Martiniano, 541, Caiacó, Rio Grande do Norte, 59300-000, Brazil

    Patrícia Pimentel de Barros

  3. Nursing Post Graduation, Gurarulhos University (UNG), R. Eng. Prestes Maia, 88, Guarulhos, São Paulo, 07023-070, Brazil

    Liliana Scorzoni

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do Carmo, F.N., de Camargo Fenley, J., Garcia, M.T. et al. Cryptococcus spp. and Cryptococcosis: focusing on the infection in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 53, 1321–1337 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-022-00744-y

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